Unit 5 Notes: Political and Industrial Revolutions (1750-1900)

Intellectual movement applying rationalist and empiricist approaches to the natural world and human relationships.
Challenged the role of religion in public life, similar to the Scientific Revolution.
Shifted authority from external sources (holy books, religious figures) to internal authority within individuals.

Individual: The individual is the most basic unit of society, not collective groups.
Natural Rights: Human beings are born with inherent rights, including life, liberty, and property, given by God, not monarchs.
Social Contract: Governments are created by the people to protect their natural rights.
- If a government abuses its power (becomes tyrannical), the people have the right to overthrow it.
Popular Sovereignty: The power to govern resides in the hands of the people, aligning with the social contract.
Democracy: All people, not just the nobility, have the right to vote and participate in their government.
Liberalism: Political and economic ideology emphasizing:
- Protection of civil rights.
- Representative government.
- Protection of private property.
- Free markets as the basis for trade.

Expansion of Suffrage: The right to vote was extended to more people over time.
- Initially limited to landed white males (e.g., after the American Revolution).
- Expanded to include all white males in the first half of the 19th century.
- Black males gained the right to vote in the second half of the 19th century.
Women's Suffrage Movement: Women began demanding equality in all areas of life, including voting.
- Olympe de Gouges: French activist who criticized the French Constitution of 1791 for excluding women in The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen.
Abolition of Slavery: Enlightenment ideals of natural rights and liberty were incompatible with forced servitude.
Abolition of Serfdom: Serfs were agricultural peasants bound to the land, similar to slavery.
- Czar Alexander II abolished serfdom in Russia, influenced by Western liberal ideas.
- Serf revolts also contributed to the end of serfdom.

Sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and a desire for territory.
Groups often had a shared vision for the future and defined a common enemy.
People who share cultural traits and ethnicities want to rule themselves.
Some leaders used nationalism to foster unity by:
- Incorporating nationalist education into schools.
- Emphasizing public rituals that glorify the nation.
- Promoting military service.
Example: Russian leaders required the Russian language to be spoken to create unity.

Desire for self-rule.
Example: Muhammad Ali in Egypt.
- Egypt operated independently of the Ottoman Empire due to its powerful military government.
- Muhammad Ali took steps toward industrialization.

Served as a template for subsequent revolutions.
13 British colonies in North America rebelled against British rule.
Declaration of Independence reflected Enlightenment ideals like the social contract and popular sovereignty.
The United States of America was established as a republic after winning the revolution with French help.
Inspired the overthrow of imperial and monarchical rule and the establishment of democratic systems of government worldwide.

Not explicitly required for the exam, but the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is.
Inspired the Haitian Revolution.

Inspired by the French Revolution.
Enslaved black population revolted under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture.
Established the second republic and the first black government in the Western Hemisphere.
Only truly successful large-scale slave rebellion in the world.

Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Central and South America were influenced by Enlightenment ideas.
Resentment grew against increasing imperial control.
Napoleon's invasion of Spain created instability, leading to revolutions.
Creole military leaders like Simón Bolívar articulated visions for Latin American independence (e.g., Letter from Jamaica).
One Latin American colony after another won its independence and many of them formed republican governments in its wake.

Propaganda Movement in the Philippines:
- Filipinos educated in Europe returned with Enlightenment ideas and nationalistic frameworks.
- They published materials to inform the public but did not call for revolution.
- The movement was suppressed by the Spanish, leading to the Philippine Revolution.

Inspired by nationalistic fervor.
Italy and Germany:
- Both existed as fragmented, semi-independent states.
- Military leaders inspired populations to unite, resulting in the creation of Italy and Germany.

A change in the way goods were made.
Had massive political, economic, and social effects.
Potentially the most profound change in world history, except for the agricultural revolution.
It began in Great Britain, and there were seven factors that explain why.
- The seven factors are important because it is the presence or absence of these factors that's later going to determine where and with what speed industrialization will spread down the
- First factor was proximity.