2 Dar al-Islam Notes

Dar al-Islam translates to "House of Islam," referring to regions where Islam was the majority religion around 1200.

Judaism:
- Originated in the Middle East.
- Monotheistic.
- Foundation for Christianity and Islam.
Christianity:
- Established by Jesus Christ.
- Message of salvation spread after Jesus' crucifixion.
- Adopted by the Roman Empire, significantly influencing societies.
Islam:
- Founded by Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century on the Arabian Peninsula.
- Muhammad claimed to be the final prophet.
- Salvation through righteous actions.
- Spread rapidly after Muhammad's death, forming Dar al-Islam.

Trading Connections: Facilitated trade due to Muhammad's background as a merchant.
Islamic states became prosperous.

Founded in the 8th century.
- Ethnically diverse.
- Golden Age of Islam: Advancements in science, mathematics, literature, and technology.
- Fragmented by 1200.
Replaced the Umayyad Caliphate.

New Islamic empires emerged, largely made up of Turkic peoples.
Seljuk Empire:
- Established in the 11th century in Central Asia.
- Seljuks were originally brought in as a military force by the Abbasids.
- Gained political power by the 1200s.
Mamluk Sultanate:
- In Egypt, Mamluks (enslaved Turkic warriors) seized power after Saladin's death.
Delhi Sultanate:
- Established by invading Turks in South Asia.
- Ruled over the Indian population for about 300 years.
- Military in charge of administration and implemented Sharia law.

Military Expansion: Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
Merchant Activity: Trade stimulated by Muslim rule, e.g., in North Africa and the Empire of Mali.
Muslim Missionaries: Sufism, a mystical form of Islam, emphasized spiritual experiences for all and spread Islam.

Mathematics: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi invented trigonometry.
House of Wisdom:
- Established in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam.
- Preserved Greek philosophical works by Plato and Aristotle.
- These Arabic translations were transferred to Europe, forming the basis for the Renaissance.