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U.S. Expansion and Influence

  • Establishment of naval bases in the Caribbean and Pacific to become a superpower.
  • Annexation of Hawaii by the U.S. in 1893 for economic purposes.
  • Spanish-American War (1898) led to U.S. control of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.
  • Resulting naval base established at Guantanamo Bay.

Progressive Era (1890s-1920s)

  • Social Gospel Movement aimed to address urban issues from immigration and industrialization.
  • 1924 Immigration Act established quotas for immigrants.
  • Jane Addams founded Hull House to aid immigrants.
  • Women during this era viewed themselves as social reformers.
  • Birth Control movement initiated by Margaret Sanger (National Birth Control League).

Political Reforms and Amendments

  • More power to the populace through initiatives and referendums.
  • Significant amendments:
    • Sixteenth Amendment: federal income tax established.
    • Seventeenth Amendment: direct election of senators.
    • Eighteenth Amendment: prohibition of alcohol.
    • Nineteenth Amendment: women's right to vote.

Progressive Presidents

  • Teddy Roosevelt: trust-busting, consumer protection (Meat Inspection Act), and conservation of natural resources.
  • William Howard Taft: maintained Roosevelt's policies.
  • Woodrow Wilson: continued trust-busting and created the Federal Reserve.

U.S. Involvement in World War I

  • Reasons for entry: sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman note.
  • Wilson's 14 Points emphasized peace without victory, freedom of seas, and a League of Nations.
  • U.S. adopted an isolationist policy following the war.

Economic Changes in the 1920s

  • Transition from wartime to peacetime economy.
  • Industrial growth and consumerism led to economic changes and the rise of oligopolies.
  • The Great Migration and Harlem Renaissance highlighted the cultural impact of African Americans in the North.

The Great Depression

  • Stock market crash (1929) led to widespread economic hardship.
  • Herbert Hoover's ineffective response, leading to the establishment of 'Hoovervilles.'
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal focused on relief, recovery, and reform programs.

World War II

  • Involvement after Pearl Harbor attack (1941).
  • American home front war preparations included rationing and war bonds.
  • Women's roles expanded in the workforce due to men enlisted in the military.
  • Creation of the Manhattan Project for atomic bomb development.
  • Post-war effects included internment of Japanese Americans and significant geopolitical changes after the war's end.