gerund and gerundive

gerund

a neuter noun in singular meaning - the act of -ing which declines like bellum, active in meaning

formed from the present stem of a verb + thematic vowel

AMA-ND-UM = loving

MONE-ND-UM = warning

REG-E-ND-UM = ruling

AUDI-E-ND-UM = hearing

its different as a present participle -

present participle	gerund
and adjective used to describe something doing the action. explaining the action that is performing simultaneously with the verb. e.g. moving	naming the action. e.g. the moving itself.

in the accusative case after prepositions	in the genitive case	in the dative case	in the abl case
paratus ad bibendum - ready for drinking	ars docendi - the art of teaching	scribendo studet - he is keen on writing	faciendo discimuse - we learn by doing
ad + gerund is often used to express purpose	or followerd by the ‘causa’ - for the sake of

examples

(picture on phone)

needing to be -ed.

an adjective which declines like bonus -a, -um. passive in meaning

its has: singular and plural, all the cases and all the genders

formed from the present stem of a verb + link vowel + NDUS

AMA-ND-US, -A, UM = needing to be loved

MONE-ND-US, -A, UM - needing to be warned

TRAH-ND-US, -A, UM

AUDIE-ND-US, -A, UM

CAPIE-ND-US, -A, UM

endings

gerundive of obligation

carthago delenda est

carthage must be destroyed

if an AGENT* is involved, he is is the dative

e.g. carthago nobis* delenda est

carthage must be destroyed by us

we must destroy carthage