(ELS 1st Qtr)
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Science vs Faith
The relationship between religion and science is a subject of continuous debate in philosophy and theology.
Science vs Religion
Science covers the NATURAL WORLD
Science deals with general conditions which are observed to regulate physical phenomena
Based on scientific observations, with proof, and results
Religion covers BOTH NATURAL and SUPERNATURAL
Religion is wholly wrapped up in the contemplation of morals and values.
Eg: Karmas, Miracles
Biblical Creation
God created Earth fully functioning in 6 days.
God did not meet matter, time, energy
Big Bang Theory
The leading explanation how the universe began
All the matter and energy in the universe are crammed into a tiny compact called singularity. Then suddenly, from this singularity, expansion or explosion took place sending space, time, matter, and energy in all directions.
took no place at no place and time
idea that the universe began as a single point.
Big Bang Timeline
Singularity Era (0 to approximately 10⁻⁴³)
Also known as the Planck Era.
Earliest known period of the Universe.
All matter was condensed on a single point of infinite density and extreme heat.
Because of extreme heat and density, the universe became highly unstable, leading to expansion and cooling.
During this period, space and time did not exist.
Big Bang theory took no place at no place and time.
Inflationary Era (10⁻³⁶ to 10⁻³²s)
The universe expanded from the size of an atomic nucleus to 10³⁵ meters in width.
Causes vast expansion of space due to energy
Formation of the Universe (10⁻⁶s)
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Formation of the Basic Elements (3s)
Because of the cooling of the universe, protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei.
Pairs of hydrogen nuclei form helium nuclei, the process is called big bang nucleosynthesis.
Around 25% of the mass of the universe consists of helium.
Radiation Era (10,000 years)
Energy was in the form of radiation (wavelengths).
xrays, ultraviolet rays, radiowaves
Leftovers of primordial fireball
As the universe expands, the wavelengths are stretched
Cosmic microwave background radiation.
Matter Domination (300,000 years)
Matter began to dominate because waves of light are stretched to lower energy.
Energy in matter and energy in radiation are EQUAL but because of expansion, the waves of light are stretched to lower energy and it DOESNT AFFECT MATTER AND CAUSES IT TO DOMINATE
Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make small neutral atoms.
Birth of Stars and Galaxies (300 million years)
Slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally attracted nearby matter and became denser.
Gained enough mass to ignite and produce light.
4 Fundamental Forces
Strong Nuclear Force
Electromagnetic Force
Weak Nuclear Force
Gravitational Force
Physical forces are acting all around us
All the forces we experience daily can be classified into 4 fundamental forces.
They are in control of happenings in the universe.
Strong Nuclear Force
Force that binds nucleus
strongest of the 4 fundamental forces
because of the binding of the fundamental particles of matter to form larger particles
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ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE (Lorentz Force)
Acts between charged particles like electrons and protons
Can be attractive or repulsive
The greater charge, the greater force
Responsible for friction and elasticity of normal forces
WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE (Weak Nuclear Interaction)
Short ranged forced present in radioactive decay
Responsible for particle decay because of the over abundance if protons
Literal change of one type of subatomic particle into another
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
The most natural, but also the most hard to explain
Gravity is the attraction between two objects with mass or energy
Attractive force that binds the solar system
Even if gravity holds planets, stars, and solar systems, it turns out to be the weakest of the fundamental forces
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR BIG BANG
Galaxies Moving Away (Edwin Hubble, 1924)
The distance between galaxies is increasing with time
Means the universe is expanding
Presence of Cosmic Microwave Background CMB (Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson, 1960)
CMB is speculated to be the remnant energy left over from the formation of the universe
Left over radiations
Abundance of Light Elements / Mixture of Elements
Massive amounts of Helium (He) and Hydrogen (H)
Trace amounts of Lithium (Li) and Beryllium (Be)
HUBBLE’S LAW (by Edwin Hubble)
States that the galaxies are retreating from the milky way at a speed that is proportional to their distance
In short, the universe is expanding
Hubble’s observations at the 100 inch during the 1920’s led him to the conclusion that the universe is expanding, and that an object’s recession velocity is proportional to its distance from the observer
Hubble used The Hooker 100 inch telescope atop Mt. Wilson near Pasadena, CA. It was the largest telescope in the world from 1917-1947
DEEP HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGE / hooker telescope
A deep image of an empty portion of the sky with the Hubble Space Telescope reveals that the universe is filled with galaxies- many just like our own
The light we see from the most distant galaxies has traveled approximately 10 billion years to reach us
The matter is not expanding
The space around matter is the one expanding
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Analogy for an expanding universe
As the dough rises, raisins (galaxies) originally farthest apart travel greater distances than those located closer together
Thus, in an expanding universe (as with the raisins), more space is created between two objects that are farther apart than between two objects that are closer together
RED SHIFT (DOPPLER SHIFT)
Red shift, or a Doppler shift toward the red end of the spectrum, occurs because the light waves are “stretched,” which shows that Earth and the source are moving away from each other
As a car moves, soundwaves in front of it get squished up while those behind get spread out. This changes the perceived frequency and we hear the pitch change as the car goes by
Just like sounds from a moving car, as a star moves away from us, the light becomes redder. As it moves towards us, the light becomes bluer
STEADY STATE THEORY (Bondi, Gold, & Hoyle, 1948)
The universe doesn’t change in its appearance and is homogeneous. When an old star dies, new star replaces it. So everything remains the same. The universe has neither any beginning nor any end. Universe was and will always be the same through the whole time
INFLATION THEORY (EXTENSION OF THE BBT)
Offers solution to unresolved problems of the big bang theory
FLATNESS: Big bang states that there should be curvature. Things will appear flat even though it is curved
MONOPOLE: Big bang predicts production of magnetic poles. Monopoles dropped exponentially to undetectable level during rapid expansion
HORIZON: Big bang states that space in opposite direction are so far apart they could never have contact with each other
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Exponential expansion in early universe presupposes that the distant regions were much closer to each other prior to inflation
MULTIVERSE THEORY
Theory suggests that our universe may not be the only one
There may be other universes distantly separated from ours
SOLAR SYSTEM
GEOCENTRIC = the earth is on the center
HELIOCENTRIC = the sun is on the center
OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE
Contains a very large number of superclusters of clusters of galaxies and other matter
Current view extends more than 10 billion light years in all directions
Estimated diameter is 28.5 gigaparsecs
VIRGO SUPERCLUSTER
Contains thousands of clusters of galaxies
Central cluster is in the direction of the constellation Virgo roughly a hundred million light years away
3 MAJOR GALAXIES
Andromeda (biggest)
Milky way (second biggest)
Triangulum galaxy (3rd biggest)
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM: EARLY THEORIES
Early Astronomy = Galileo, Plato, etc.
2 MODELS
GEOCENTRIC - the EARTH IS CENTER of the system
HELIOCENTRIC - the SUN IS THE CENTER of the solar system
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WHIRLPOOL LIKE MOTION
Descartes Vortex Theory - Solar system formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits
Buffon's Theory - Planets formed because of collision between sun and giant comets
Jean-Jeffrey's Tidal Theory - Planets formed because of sun collided with a passing star
Kant Laplace Theory - Great cloud and dust nebula collapses because of gravitational pull and contracts as it spins
SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY
Says that solar system came from dust and nebula
Most accepted theory on how solar system is formed
5 step by step theory: Collapse, Spinning, Flattening, Condensation, Accretion
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ORBITS OF THE PLANETS
Mercury has the highest orbital velocity and shortest period of revolution around the sun
THE SUN
The sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion within its core
It produces light and is the source of the planets' light
SOLAR WINDS
Primarily composed of protons, electrons, and a few heavier ions
Particles flow out more slowly near the Sun's equator
Solar winds are fast
AURORAS
Following a strong solar flare, Earth's upper atmosphere above the magnetic poles is set aglow
Aurora Borealis (Northern lights)
Aurora Australis (Southern lights)
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The substances that make up the planets are divided into three groups: Gases, Rocks, Ices
The Jovian planets have thick atmospheres of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia
The terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres at best
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS
TERRESTRIAL (Earth Planets) - Composed mostly of dense, rocky, and metallic materials
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Earth-like planets are small and mostly made out of rocks
Composed mostly of rocks
Hydrogen compounds remain as gas
Jovian planets (Gas Planets)
Composed mostly of Hydrogen and Helium
Formed outside the frost line where light elements condense into ice
Jupiter and Saturn are GAS GIANTS
Uranus and Neptune are ICE GIANTS
Dwarf planets
Celestial bodies that have not cleared the neighborhood around them
Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet
Pluto's orbit is highly eccentric
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Asteroids
Small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun
First asteroid (Ceres) discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi in 1801
Left-over debris from the formation of the solar system
Meteoroids
Interplanetary debris left from the formation of the solar system
Object floating around in outer space, asteroid or comet origin
Space object burning up in the atmosphere is called a meteor
Comets
Cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbit the Sun
Loose collections of rocky material, dust, water ice, and frozen gases
Surfaces are dry and dusty
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Short period comets
Has a short orbital period around the sun (200 years)
Orbital period of less than 200 years
Examples: Halley's Comet, Encke's Comet
Long period comets
Take hundreds of thousands of years to complete a single orbit around the sun
Create parabolic path
Oort Cloud
Located far from the planet or the outermost part
Source of long-period comets
Kuiper Belt
Hosts short-period comets
Composed of ice and comet-like objects
History of Earth & Law of Stratigraphy
Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old
Rocks of the crust provide clues to Earth's past
Uniformitarianism
Events in the past occurred the same way that they are occurring today
James Hutton
Rocks record geologic and evolutionary changes throughout Earth's history
Geologic Dating
Method used to determine the age of rocks and layers of soil
Absolute dating determines the numerical age of something
Relative dating
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EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE SUBJECT REVIEWER 1ST SEMESTER: 1ST QUARTER
DETERMINES and ARRANGING the age of something like rocks
used to determine who is younger or older
qualitative
more specific
LAW OF STATIGRAPHY
law of stratigraphy = bawat layer ng rock ay may sinasabing time (sabi ni Nicolaus Steno)
Relative Dating : Law of Statigraphy
Principle of Original Horizontality
Rocks and sediments were deposited over the surface of the earth in a horizontal manner
Sedimentary Layers are deposited in approximately horizontal sheets
If layers are folded, episode of deformation must have occurred after rocks formed. (So kahit nagkaroon ng fold, curved, tilt, makikita parin ang form in a horizontal manner
Kahit anong disturbance rocks and sediments are still formed as horizontal
Principle of Superstition
youngest strata on top, oldest strata on the bottom
If the layers disturbed, there are tendency na magmix or magpantay ang old and young layers
Valid only for the dating of an “undisturbed sample of soil or rocks”
landslides
cave ins
creation of trust faults
layers sould not be disturbed ehn applying this principle
Principle of Crosscutting Relationship
Igneous intrusions, extrusions faults and folds are younger that the rock they are in
These are Horizontal Sediments
If there are intrusions or extrusions and faults are YOUNGER ALWAYS
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EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE SUBJECT REVIEWER 1ST SEMESTER: 1ST QUARTER
Principle of Inclusion
These are rocks that are older than the surrounding rock
Inclusions or fragments in a rock unit are older that the rock itself
ABSOLUTE DATING
ABSOLUTE DATING : (quantitative) = we give approximate age
allows us to figure the actual age of a rock or fossil
Determining the Actual Numeric Age
Radiometric / Radioactive Dating = atomic approach used to date materials just like rocks and carbons.
half life is the amount of time takes for half the atoms of a substance to decay into another element
Radioactive Decay
spontaneous breakdown of the nuclei of the unstable atoms
HALF LIFE is the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms of a substance to decay into another element
Carbon 14
used to date biological remain
Can do 70000 years
Uranium 238
used to date rocksss
RELATIVE DATING
RELATIVE DATING (qualitative) = Determining the event which came first,second or third.
Determining which rocks, fossils, and event came first, second without using any quantitative values
RULES TO SEQUENCE
layers will form horizontally on top of each other (horizontal layers on top have to be the youngest)
Fault / intrusion to break through a layer, it had to have existed at the time of the intrusion or fault ( if fault/intrusion cuts through a layer, Fault/ intrusion is younger)
FOSSILS = Remains of Ancient Plants and Animals, Evidence of Life
Commonly preserved (Hard parts of Organisms) = Bones,Shells, Hard Parts of Insects Woody Material
Rarely preserved (Easily decayed parts of Organisms) =Internal Organs,Skin,Hair,Feathers
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EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE SUBJECT REVIEWER 1ST SEMESTER: 1ST QUARTER
TRUE FOSSIL = Fossils of actual animal or animal part. Commonly found in ice, tar (natural asphalt), and amber (tree resin).
MOLD FOSSIL = Hollow impressions of living organism in a rock.
Organism remains do not persist (not present).
Formed when sediments fill the inside of a mold fossil.
CAST FOSSIL = Created when minerals and sediments enter a cavity or a mold (sometimes from a mold fossil) and hardens, creating a cast.
TRACE FOSSIL (ICHNOFOSSIL) = Impressions on the rocks that showed organism activities.
eg : Footprints, burrows, trails, and other traces of animals (but not the animal itself).
Type of Fossils
True Fossils = form when animal parts are preserved and the animal is seen
Mold Fossil = negative imprint of the organism
Cast Fossils
Trace Fossils = traces of organisms
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EARTH SUBSYSTEM AND MINERALS
EARTH SUBSYSTEM
Earth made up of several subsystem that interact to form a complex EARTH IS A CLOSED SYSTEM
SYSTEM THAT DESCRIBES EARTH
Close = that has transfer of energy (heat) but not mass
Isolated = do not allow the = exchange of heat but not matter or mass = it receives energy from sun and returns some of the energy to space
Earths water are continous moving // hydrologic cycle
ABUNDANT ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH
Magnesium and ATMOSPHERE
TROPHOSPHERE
the wettest atmosphere because it is where weather takes place
STRATOSPHERE
temperature rises as one
very dry because it is where water vapor happens.
few clouds found
MESOSPHERE
high enough so aircrafts can't reach this zone
the air in this layer is extremely low density
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Mesosphere and ozone depletion
Person traveling to mesosphere can experience burn because the ozone that protects us is at the atmosphere.
Thermosphere: air density is low
Exosphere: thin and extremely cold
Karman line = the boundary between earth and space
Temperature Gradient = Where temperature changes from different layer
Ozone = combi of atomic oxygen and oxygen molecule
Ozone depletion = Because chloro chloro carbon reason of ozone depletion
Much larger springtime ozone hole = Has negative effects for animal, plants, humans
Kyoto Protocol = kasunduan in reduce imission of greenhouse gasses
Montreal Protocol = global agreement of facing out the production of ozone depleting substances
Hydrosphere
Liquid component of the Earth (including glacial waters).
Covers 70% of the Earth’s surface.
97% of the water on Earth is saltwater.
Only 3% of the water is fresh (streams, lakes, etc.)
Where is all the water?
Oceans = 96.5
Fresh water/ surface water = 2.5
Ground water = 30.1
Glaciers and Ice caps = 68.7
Lakes = 20.9
Ground ice and permafrost
Water cycle
Explains the continuous movement of the water, above or below the Earth surface.
The sun is the driving agent of this cycle.
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Groundwater
Water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface.
Saturated zone: Water has penetrated and fills all the fractures and pores, saturating it.
Unsaturated zone
Ground water = water that exist
Saturated = immediately beyond the ground surface, will be seen under the unsaturated zone, water fills all the pores (READILY AVAILABLE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION)
Unsaturated = still contains water, partially filled with water (NOT SOURCE OF READILY TO DRINK WATER)
Ocean vs Sea
Seas are smaller than oceans and are usually located where the land and ocean meet.
Typically, seas are partially enclosed by land.
Hydrometeorological phenomena
Phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
Typhoon, Cyclone, and Hurricane
Typhoons = western
Hurricane = tropical storms that form over northern (north atlantic ocean) and (northeast pacific)
Cyclones = tropical storms formed over the south pacific and indian pacific ocean.
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Monsoon (Weather Pattern)
North-East Monsoon (Amihan)
Cool and dry air that originates in a vast anticyclone.
Siberia, Mongolia, and northern China.
November to February
South-West Monsoon (Habagat)
Extensive cloud development and rainfall at the western sections of the country.
Wind from Australia that flows in a southwest direction.
May to October
Weather Radar
Used to locate precipitation, calculate intensity, has a transmitter that sends out short pulses of radio waves.
Purple, red, yellow = heavy precipitation
Blue, green = lighter precipitation
Low Pressure Areas
A region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations.
Form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the troposphere.
Flood and Flash Flood
Flood: An overflow of water on land which is usually dry.
Occurs AFTER 6 hours following the END of the causative event.
Longer term event, may last weeks
Flash Flood: Flood caused by heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period time, generally less than 6 hours.
Shorter term event, minutes to hours
Less warning and biglaan
Flood vs flashflood = different in various of time
Tornado
Violent storms that strike as a powerful rotating mixture of wind and thunderstorm clouds, extending from the clouds to the ground in a funnel shape.
400km per hour, can washout everything
Lightning
Electrical discharge caused by imbalances between storm clouds and the ground, or within the clouds themselves.
Electrical charges in the ground can interact with electrical charges in the clouds.
Most lightning occurs within the clouds.
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Lightning is around 27,000 degrees celsius, 6 times hotter than the surface of the sun.
6x hotter than the surface of the sun
THUNDER
Sound produced by rapidly expanding and contracting pockets of air associated with lightning.
WATERSPOUT
Column of rotating, cloud-filled wind.
Descends from a cumulus cloud to an ocean or a lake.
not filled with water from the ocean or lakes, but from the accummulus clouds
water occurs over water
HAZARD MAP
Refers to a map describing the areas at risk of natural disasters such as earthquake ground motion, flooding, landslides, liquefaction, tsunami, and more.
Storm Surge Prone area = PH is prone to storm surges because of its long coastline
BIOSPHERE
It is the most important subsystem on Earth.
It drives us to be in constant need of interaction with the planet.
Coined by the geologist Eduard Suess in 1875.
GEOSPHERE
Solid state of Earth.
Includes the structure, composition, minerals, and processes of Earth.
Includes the rocks of the crust and mantle, the metallic liquid outer core, and the solid metallic inner core.
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
Surface (crust) is in a constant state of motion.
Tectonic plates are constantly moving at a few centimeters each year due to heat from deeper parts of Earth.
Mineral resources are mined from the geosphere.
CRUST
Rocky outermost layer.
35 km thick
Exposed to atmosphere.
Thinnest of all layers.
the constant state of motion (tectonic plates)
Abundant elements in Earth’s crust:
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
2 layers of Crust:
CONTINENTAL CRUST
Thicker but less dense; made of granite.
1/3 of Earth’s surface.
Silicate and aluminum - most abundant minerals
crust under the land
OCEANIC CRUST
Thinner but denser; made of basalt.
2/3 of Earth’s surface.
Silicate and magnesium - most abundant minerals
thin and dark layer under the ocean
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CRUST AND MANTLE: LITHOSPHERE
Derived from the Greek word “Lithos” meaning rocky/stone.
Primarily the rocky and stony part covering the surface of the Earth.
Joseph Barrell (1914) studied the motion of the lithosphere over a molten layer - Asthenosphere
Upper portion
Crust
Lower portion
Mantle
MANTLE
Middle layer of the Earth.
2 PARTS:
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle
56% of the Earth’s total volume, and is 660 to 2900km below the Earth’s surface.
ASTHENOSPHERE
Soft, weak layer.
Rocks are close enough to their melting point that they are easily deformed.
Because of too much pressure and heat, the rocks can flow like a liquid.
DISCONTINUITIES INSIDE THE EARTH
REPETTI DISCONTINUITY
Boundary between the upper and lower mantle.
GUTENBURG DISCONTINUITY
Boundary between the mantle and the outer core.
Outer is solid, mantle is liquidy
MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY
Boundary between the crust and upper mantle.
CORE
Very hot, very dense center of our planet.
Lies beneath the cool, brittle crust and the mostly-solid mantle.
Found about 2,900km below Earth’s surface.
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It is believed to be metallic.
Composed of primarily of iron and nickel.
OUTER CORE
About 2,200km thick, mostly composed of liquid iron and nickel.
Temperature ranges between 4500-5000 degrees celsius.
Very low viscosity, easily deformed, and malleable.
Site of violent convection which creates and sustains Earth’s magnetic field.
LEHMANN DISCONTINUITY
Boundary between the outer and inner core.
INNER CORE
Hot, dense ball of (mostly) iron.
Radius of about 1,220km.
Temperature of about 5200 degrees celsius.
Pressure and density are simply too great for the iron atoms to move into a liquid state - Solid
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ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Formed by years and years of sediment compacting together and becoming hard.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Formed by volcano. When a volcano erupts, it spews out hot molten rock called magma or lava.
TWO TYPES
Intrusive Igneous Rocks = Formed from magma underground. = Cooling time is thousands of years and texture is = small-to-medium grains.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks = Crystallized in the surface. = Cooling time is seconds to months and texture is invisible or microscopic grains.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Formed by great heat and pressure.
Metamorphic rocks are often made from other types of rock.
ROCK CYCLE
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Outward appearance of the specific crystal form.
Ideal shape of crystal faces.
Luster
Appearance of a mineral when light is reflected from its surface.
Admantine:
Sparkly
Earthy:
Dull, clay
Resinous:
Like resins, like tree saps
Silky:
Soft looking with long fibers
Vitreous:
Glassy
Pearly:
Pearl-like
Taste
Can be used to help identify some minerals, such as halite (salt).
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