Early 19th Century

Page_____

E a r l y 19^th C e n t u r y

I. F i r s t P o l i t i c a l P a r t i e s - Great Britain in the 1600s

A. Created during the English Restoration - AFTER Cromwell

1. T o r i e s - wanted a Strong King with a real, important role as chief

executive

2. W h i g s - wanted a Strong Parliament, gain executive powers

3. English Colonial Legislatures were similarly organized

B. Early U. S. Political Ideology - the Enlightenment influenced the study of

gov’t

1. Thomas Jefferson’s View of Political Parties:

"If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all."

2. James Madison’s View of Political Parties:

a. they were probably necessary

3. Alexander Hamilton’s View of Political Parties:

a. “a vice which must be guarded against at all times”

4. Federalism vs. Anti-Federalism

a. F e d e r a l i s t s - the 1^st U.S. Political Ideology/Party - Madison

(1) Strong Centralized gov’t

(2) Supported laws which protected the young businesses and

industrialization

(3) Mostly followed by Northern businessmen, bankers, merchants

(4) closer ties with England

(5) John Adams, 1^st Candidate

b. D e m o c r a t i c - R e p u b l i c a n s - the 1^st OPPOSITION

Ideology/Party - Jefferson

(1) Against an overly strong Centralized gov’t

(2) “gov’t is best which governs least” - more state freedoms

(3) Mostly followed by farmers, small businesses, artisans

(4) supported extending democracy in Europe - did NOT like

Britain

(5) Thomas Jefferson, 1^st Candidate

C. Jackson & the Democrats

1. Andrew Jackson was a Southerner (Carolinas & Tennessee)

2. he was orphaned at 14

3. served in the U.S. Army, became a lawyer

4. was a slave owner & trader

5. an “Indian Fighter” who defeated, evacuated and took lands from

various indigenous people (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminole)

6. registered as a Democratic-Republican - elected President twice

D. I n d i a n R e m o v a l A c t (1830) - a genocide of natives

1. Manifest Destiny - the idea that the entirety of North America should

be a land for the development/benefit of the

European settlers

a. nationalistic/”White Man’s Burden”

2. 18 Tribal Native societies were forcibly removed from their own lands

west of the Mississippi River

a. “Indian Territory”, today’s Oklahoma

3. “Trail of Tears” - in the South, 15,000 Cherokee in Georgia/Alabama

were forcibly marched 900 miles to “Indian Territory”

a. 4,000 died due to starvation, exposure & disease

4. this began the “Reservation System” in North America

a. it continues to this day

b. but TODAY, these areas are SOVEREIGN (exempt), and U.S.

II. E x p a n s i o n - west of the Mississippi, MOSTLY for Economic Reasons

A. Industrialization - Northern states were focused on Manufacturing goods

1. Water mills were plentiful

a. Large scale clothing, shoe-making, furniture, tool-making, grinding

grain

2. NEED for MORE Raw Materials - to fuel production

a. ores/metals, wood, eventually coal & oil/gas

3. NEED for MORE/NEW Markets - to maintain prices/profits

a. places to sell finished goods/ NEW customers/natives

B. Cash Crops - non-edibles, Southern states, Cotton, Indigo & Tobacco

1. Land conducive for growing 2 & 3 seasons of crops

2. Warm climates to INCREASE production of cash crops

3. Slavery - capturing & importing African natives to LOWER costs

a. WHY Africans?

(1) their societies lacked the gun. musket, rifle - easily subjugated

(2) disease resistant - like Europeans (small pox, measles, plague)

C. Territories Acquired - South & West of the Mississippi

1. Louisiana Territory (1803) - BOUGHT from France/Napoleon

a. DOUBLED the U.S. size

b. eventually becomes 12 states

2. Florida Purchase (1819) - BOUGHT from Spain

a. Few Natives lived there, lots of disease (Malaria, Yellow Fever)

3. Texas Annexation (1845) - Joint Act to merge the U.S. to the “Lone

Star” State after it fought Mexico (1836)

a. a lot of the Mexican Texas settled by U.S. citizens in the 1820-30s

b. U.S. aided Texas a bit - “Tennessee Volunteers” (& others)

4. Oregon Treaty (1846) - Agreement between U.S. & U.K.

a. “54/40 or Fight” - the U.S. & U.K. both claimed the northern

Pacific Ocean coast

b. many Americans were willing to fight for ALL lands west of the

Rocky Mountains, up to 54^o40’ North Latitude

c. the U.S. & U.K. established the 49^o N Latitude from Minnesota

to the Pacific as the international boundary

5. Mexican Cession (1848) - Agreement between the U.S. & Mexico

a. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - Ended the Mexican-American War

in favor of the U.S.

b. U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

c. became 5 states

6. Gadsden Purchase (1853) - BOUGHT from Mexico, southern AZ

a. it cost $10 million, 30,000 sq. mi.

b. WHY? for transcontinental railroad access to the Pacific Ocean

7. Alaska/”Seward’s Folly” (1867) - BOUGHT from Russia/Alexander II

a. it cost $7.2 million, $0.02/acre - Russia had debts from Crimean War

b. the LARGEST state

c. a lot of Oil, Gold, Uranium

D. Monroe Doctrine (1823) - U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Europe

1. Latin America was fighting for freedom from Spain, Portugal, France

2. James Monroe declared that the Americas was Closed to Colonization

3. the U.S. would vigorously OPPOSE European invention in the

Americas

4. the U.S. would NOT involve itself in European affairs