SciOly 24-25 Anatomy & Physiology: Muscular Sysyem

i. Functions of the muscular system (e.g., movement, blood circulation, heat production)

ii. The interaction of the skeletal and muscular systems to allow movement and maintain posture

iii. The cellular and gross anatomy of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

iv. Tension production (e.g., sarcomere length-tension relationship, muscle twitches, motor units)

v. Physiology of the skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation (e.g., neuromuscular junction, excitation-contraction coupling, cross-bridge cycling)

vi. Concepts of skeletal muscle actions (e.g., agonist, antagonist, synergist muscles) of different muscles on the 2025 National Major Skeletal Muscles List

vii. Location and identification (e.g., origin, insertion, function) of the muscles on the 2025 National Major Skeletal Muscles List

viii. Exercise and aging effects on the cellular and gross anatomical structure of the muscular system

ix. Muscle and tendon injuries and their prevention (limited to strains and sprains)

x. The diseases on each level from the cell to the whole person as listed: neuromuscular junction disorders (limited to myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome), immunologic and inflammatory disorders (limited to polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis), infectious disorders (limited to botulism, tetanus, poliomyelitis), and pain syndromes (limited to fibromyalagia, chronic fatigue syndrome, Carpal tunnel syndrome)

xi. Energy and metabolism in skeletal muscles (limited to phosphocreatine system, glycogen storage and consumption)

xii. Cardiac and smooth muscle roles in body (e.g, blood circulation, digestive motility)

xiii. Additional diseases: Rhabdomyolosis, Duchenne Muscle dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy

xiv. Nerve innervation for all muscles on 2025 National Major Skeletal Muscles list

xv. Muscle reflexes (limited to Golgi tendon organ, muscle spindle fibers)

xvi. Additional diseases: Congenital disorders and iatrogenic disorders (limited to drug induced myositis, malignant hyperthermia)

xvii. Treatments and prevention for all conditions listed above

xviii. Effects of steroid medications on muscle health