Topic: Origins of Psychology (Wundt, Galton, Charcot)
Q: Which event is traditionally cited as the formal beginning of Psychology as a scientific discipline?
a. Wilhelm Wundt opening his laboratory in Leipzig in 1879.
b. William James publishing Principles of Psychology in 1890.
c. The founding of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892.
d. Sigmund Freud publishing The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900.
Q: How did Francis Galton’s approach to psychology in Britain differ from Jean-Martin Charcot’s approach in France?
a. Galton focused on the correlational study of individual differences, while Charcot focused on the clinical observation of pathology (hysteria) [cite: 122-125].
b. Galton focused on the experimental study of reaction times, while Charcot focused on the introspection of mental content.
c. Galton studied the "phi phenomenon," while Charcot studied "intervening variables."
d. Galton rejected the study of the mind, while Charcot was a dualist.
Q: Before the formal discipline was established (c. 1880), which four areas provided the context for the emergence of psychology?
a. [cite_start]Philosophy, Physiology, Pseudoscience (e.g., phrenology), and Evolutionary Theory [cite: 103-106].
b. Biology, Chemistry, Theology, and Physics.
c. Sociology, Anthropology, Economics, and Political Science.
d. Literature, Art, History, and Law.
Topic: Schools of Thought (Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism)
Q: In early American psychology (c. 1900), what was the primary difference between Structuralism and Functionalism?
a. [cite_start]Structuralism (Titchener) studied mental content via introspection, while Functionalism studied mental operations and utility.
b. Structuralism focused on the brain's hardware, while Functionalism focused on the mind's software.
c. Structuralism relied on reaction times, while Functionalism relied on dream analysis.
d. Structuralism was anti-reductionist, while Functionalism was reductionist.
Q: What was the defining characteristic of Watson’s "Behaviorism" (1913)?
a. It rejected the study of the mind entirely, focusing instead on behavior as Stimulus-Response (S-R) relationships [cite: 152-153].
b. It combined introspection with physiological measurement to map the brain.
c. It focused on the "phi phenomenon" and the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
d. It introduced the computer metaphor to explain human information processing.
Q: How did Tolman’s "neo-behaviorism" (1930s) modify strict behaviorism?
a. [cite_start]It introduced "intervening variables" to explain behavior, shifting focus toward internal states like reinforcement [cite: 154-155].
b. It returned to using introspection as the primary scientific method.
c. It merged behaviorism with psychoanalysis to study the unconscious.
d. It rejected the idea of learning and focused solely on innate instincts.
Topic: Gestalt Psychology & The Cognitive Revolution
Q: Which phenomenon did Wertheimer (1910) use to demonstrate the principles of Gestalt psychology?
a. [cite_start]The phi phenomenon (elements perceived as movement), showing that experience is anti-reductionist [cite: 158-160].
b. The "law of effect," showing that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are repeated.
c. The "cocktail party effect," showing how attention filters information.
d. The "forgetting curve," showing how memory decays over time.
Q: How did Gestalt psychology differ fundamentally from Behaviorism?
a. [cite_start]Gestalt psychology studied experience and was anti-reductionist/nativist, while Behaviorism ignored the mind and was reductionist [cite: 160-161].
b. Gestalt psychology focused on observable behavior only, while Behaviorism focused on the unconscious.
c. Gestalt psychology used the computer metaphor, while Behaviorism used the steam engine metaphor.
d. Gestalt psychology originated in the US, while Behaviorism originated in Germany.
Q: What central metaphor drove the "Cognitive Revolution" (c. 1948 onwards)?
a. [cite_start]The computer metaphor: cognition as information processing (mind as software, brain as hardware) [cite: 175-177].
b. The telephone switchboard metaphor: the brain as a connector of simple reflexes.
c. The hydraulic metaphor: the mind as a system of fluids and pressures (psychoanalysis).
d. The blank slate metaphor: the mind as an empty vessel to be filled by experience.
Q: Which 1967 publication is often cited as cementing the field of Cognitive Psychology?
a. [cite_start]Ulric Neisser's "Cognitive Psychology".
b. B.F. Skinner's "Verbal Behavior".
c. William James's "Principles of Psychology".
d. Donald Broadbent's "Perception and Communication".