Non-Deductive Reasoning & Value Theories — Quick Reference

Key ideas about evaluating non-deductive arguments

• Non-deductive arguments require assessing probability, not just counterexamples.
• When evaluating arguments that are not deductive, look for reasons why it's not the most probable conclusion despite what the author claims.
• Similarity-based reasoning: significant similarities (e.g., both cats like tuna) support probable generalizations, but are not certain.
• The discussion signals there will be more examples of different argument forms for practice.

Illustrative example: similarity and induction

• Similarity in category and preferences increases the likelihood of generalization; do not assume identity of all traits from partial similarities.
• The cat-tuna analogy shows why we infer that another cat may also like tuna, but not with certainty.

Reading for next time: theories of value

• Reading author: Derek Harpett. Three theories about what we value:
  • Hedonistic theories: well-being is determined by pleasure/happiness.
  • Desire-fulfillment theories: well-being is determined by fulfillment of desires.
  • Objective list theories: well-being is determined by a list of objective goods (e.g., knowledge, friendship, virtue, achievement).
• Focus on understanding what each theory prioritizes and how it differs from the others.
• Some examples may be difficult; concentrate on distinctions and prioritization.

How to approach the reading

• The material is technical; some examples may be challenging.
• Prioritize understanding the core distinctions and what each theory claims to prioritize.

Administrative reminders

• The reading/posting will be under the Reading and Discussion thread on Canvas.
• Assignment due: please submit by the 14th.
• If you haven't completed the Responsible Module reading, do so tomorrow.