AP GOV unit 1 new

Natural Rights - fundamental rights and liberties that belong to all humans and can’t be taken away

Social Contract - people in a society give up some freedom to maintain social order and protect natural rights

People establish governments to protect peoples natural rights

Popular sovereignty - governmental power is derived from the people

Limited government - the power of the country is not endless

Federalism - division of power between federal, state, and local

Republicanism - a representative form of government THIS IS WHAT CONSTITUTION PRESENTS

Rule of Law - no person is above the law/equality of the law

Majority rule with minority rights - protect from tyranny of the majority

goal: protect tyranny of majority

US is liberal democracy - based on freedom and representation

Direct Democracy - people vote directly on policies, we don’t have on the federal level but some states do

Initative - citizens can propose a bill that gets voted on by a state’s registration (example of direct democracy)

Referendum - residents can vote on a bill proposed by the state legislature (example of direct)

Framers established republic - they didn’t trust the people, people were not educated enough, feared mob rule

Framers wantted them to have some power but not all!

Participatory - broad participation and actively involved, their voices should be heard

Example of ____ democracy - Brutus #1, BLM, PROTESTS

Pluralist Democracy - group based activism to impact policymaking

Example of ___ democracy - federalist 10, political groups, interests groups

Elite Democracy - limited/filtered role where small group of people have disproportional amount of power

Elite Democracy in Constitution - establish republic, establish electoral college

Participatory in constitution - 1st amendment freedom of speech, amendment increase suffrage (15th, 19th, 26th amendment)

Pluralist democracy in const - freedom of assembly

Anti-federalist - opposed the new constitution because central gov too strong and wanted state level power like articles of confederation

anti fed feared - restrict personal freedom, trample state right, tax too heavy, ovverule statre courts, standing army lead to tyranny

Anti fed demand - BOR to protect individual liberty, explicit limit to fed power, eliminate power of congress to tax BUT ONLY ACHIEVED BOR

Brutus #1 - anti, favored small, decentralized republics with more local decision making. Warned that loss of liberty and freedom under new central document

Federalist 10 - fed paper, argued a large republic which delegated authority to elected representatives would help protect minority rights, power disperesed between state and fed

Under Aritciles of confederation - each states were soverign, so they could go against fed government, only had single branch which was legislative

How many votes in AOC - each state had 1 vote, voting had to be unanimous, couldn’t even enforce laws

Congress could under AOC - foreign policy, DECLARE WAR, MAKE TREATY, APPOINT MILITARY, COIN, AND BORROW

Congress COULDN’T under AOC - tax and collect, regulate interstate commerce,

Under AOC STATES COULD - coin money, establish currency, refuse fed treaty, impose tarrifs/taxes on other states

Shay’s Rebellion - tipping point, it showed the weakness of fed gov because lack of centralized military power, increased public support, there was no agreement on what to do with AOC but enough for people to be swayed

Constitutional Convention stated purpose - for the sole and expressed purpose of REVISING the constitution.

Virginia Plan - strong central gov, BICAMEAL LEGISLATURE (BOTH HOUSES BASED ON POPULATION) which focus on LARGE STATE

New Jersey Plan - UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE in which ALL STATE EQUAL VOTE, gave small state advantage

The Great Compromise/Conneticut Comprmise - established a bicameral legislature, house is population and senate is 2

Grand Committee - formed to negotiate the grand compromise, they convinced large state to agree with new compromise must originate from house of representatives

3/5th comprmise - the south always called slaves as nothing but they wanted them to now count as people for representation, but north wanted to tax so every 5 slaves counted as 3 people for congressional represenation purposes LED TO SOUTHER OVERREPRESENATION IN BOTH WHICH PROTECTED SLAVE TRADE

Compromise on the importation of slaves - couldn’t be banned for 20 years following ratification of the constituion

Article 5 lays out amendment process - 2/3rd of congress and ¾ state ratify OR 2/3 states propose and ¾ state ratify

Impeachment - the house impeach/indite by majority vote and the senate holds trial with 2/3rd vote

FEDEARLIST 51- separation of power, checks and balances to maintain a limited government

3 ways federal power was limited by original constitution (BEFORE ANY AMENDMENTS/BOR WERE PASSED)- writ of Habeas Corpus, Bill of Attainder, and Ex Post Facto

Writ of Habeas Corpus - an arrested person must be brought to a judge, you get to know why you were charged and either be charged or release, protection of individual rights

Bill of Attainder - a law declaring a person guilty without a trial

Ex Post Facto Law - after the fact, a law criminalizing an action that was legal when it occurred

Article 4 - three rules about relationship of states
Full Faith and Credit Clause - state must honor the legal decisions of other states

Privllege’s and immunities clause - states can’t discriminate against resident of other states

Extradition - states must return fugitives to their original state

Delegated Powers - given to the federal government, aka EXCLUSIVE POWERS since the states were there before the federal government

Examples of Delegated/exclusive powers - declaring war, making treatis, coining money

Reserved Powers - for the states, includes things not mentioned

Examples of reserved powers - education, health, welfare, police power

Concurrent powers - held by both the fed and states, they exercises it SEPERATELTY

Examples of concurrent powers - taxation, borrowing money, making laws, building roads

Dynamic Federalism - the changing balance of power between states and federal government over time

Dual Federalism - layer cake, states and fed are each supreme in their own sphere, powers don’t overlap IT IS CLEAR TO SEE THEIR ROLES

What lead to cooperative federalism - Grants in aid, FDR and New deal

Cooperative Federalism - marble cake federalism, tough to get bite without both flavours, states and fed share, hard to see the boundary

Grants in aid - federal money provided to states which helps fed gain power, it gave them authority

Categorical grants - fed money to state for SPECEFIC PURPOSE, preferred by congress since increase federal power, usually has condition in aid

Condition in aid/incentives - requirement states must satisfy to receive the grant

Mandates - rules that states must follow whether or not get provides money

Block Grants - fed money to the states with BROAD policy area,CAN”T DO ANYTHING BUT THEY HAVE MORE LEEWAY preferred by the states

Revenue Sharing - fed money to state with little or no string attatched, no longer true

Enumerated powers(expressed/explicit) - directly written in the constitution

Implied POwers - not directly written in consituton but CLAIMED by congress

Basis of implied powers - necessary and proper clause

Necessary and proper clause/elastic clause - congress can make laws necessary and proper for preforming enumerated powers

Supremacy Clause - federal is superior when state and federal policies conflict

McCulloch v Maryland - necessary and supremacy clause both used, congress has implied powers and can establish a national bank because functional bank was related to some of enumerated powers, states can’t tax national government due to supermacy clause

Commerce Clause - allows congress to regulate intersate commerece, anything bought and sold throughout the states

Modern Interpretation of commerce clause - congress can regulate anything affecting interstate commerce

US v Lopez - limits the fed power finally, establishes a limit on congress commerce clause powers and the 10th amendment reserves some powers to state

10th amendment - reserves power not delegated to the fed or denied to the states is reserved to the states

14th amendment - empowers the fed gov to protect the right of individuals and groups from state, it pulls power away from state and lets fed to protect the rights of people

Advantages of federalism - multiple access points for political participation at variety of levels, states can make policy unique for their needs, policy in absence of national consensus, fed can make unified policy, laboratories of democracy

Laboratories of democracy - each state can experiment with new policy and other states/fed gov can sit back and watch. If it goes well they can adopt, if it goes back its limited to only a few states EX marijuana

disadvantage - tougher for fed to implement unified policy EX: education policy can be different from one state to another so hard for them to make one size fit all,

New Federalism - return to more distinct lines between state and federal responisibilties, however overall look is fed gov is stronger

devolution - attempts to get power back to the states