Begging of Anatomy and Physiology

  • Anatomy: Study of different body parts

  • Physiology: Study of what the body part does

  • Biology: Study of life and living organisms,

  • What is Life/Characteristic of living things?

    • Breathing, reproduction, movement, nutrient needs, energy requirements, growth, and cellular composition

      REQUIRED to Maintain Life: Oxygen, water, food/energy, shelter/protection

    • What’s Metabolism/Anabolism/Catabolism?

      Metabolism: body’s way of turning food into energy

      Anabolism: process where body uses energy to build & repair tissues &muscles

      Catabolism: process where body breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy

    • What is meant by homeostasis? What is negative feedback? What is positive feedback?

      Homeostasis: body’s ability to keep temperature, pH, etc. balanced

      Negative Feedback: maintain stability when out of balance

      Positive Feedback: creates fast, significant change

    • What’s Responsiveness (role of nervous system):

      Ability of organism and system to detect and react changes in environment

    • Clinical Imaging: Radiography (X-rays), CT scans, MRI, PET scans, etc

    • Internal cavities: thoractic, cranial, abdominal, pelvic, etc.

    • What’s Difference between Element vs Atom:

      Element is like a type of building block, atom is smallest unit of that element

  • Describe Levels of Complexity

    • Atoms: small amount of an element, made up of 3 particles

    • Molecules: formed when atoms bond together

    • Macromolecules: large molecules made up of smaller units, like protein/DNA

    • Organelles: certain structure within cell that perform certain functions

    • Cells: basic units of life, each cell has a job

    • Tissues: group of similar cells working together

    • Organs: made of different types of tissues, perform certain functions

    • Organ systems: groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions in body

    • Organism: individual living being made up of different levels working together to work as a whole

  • What’s difference between electrons/protons/neutrons?

    Electrons, negatively charged. Protons, Positively charged. Neutrons, Uncharged

  • What’s Shell/ Valence Shell?

    Shell: group of atomic orbitals with same principle, can only hold 2 max electrons

    Valence Shell: outermost shell of an atom that has electrons

  • If the first shell is the valence shell, 2 electrons can be found.

  • If any other shell is the valence shell, 8 electrons can be found.

  • What makes an atom reactive?

    The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

  • How are ions formed?

    Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons

  • Anion: Ion with negative charge

  • Cation: ion with positive charge

  • What happens to make an oxygen atom (O) become 02-?

    Adds two electrons

  • What happens to make a hydrogen atom (H) become H+?

    becomes a catio

  • What are the similarities and differences between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds?

    Ionic bonds, attraction of two opposite charges. Hydrogen bonds, attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom. Covalent bond, made of joined hydrogen atoms.

  • What’s a Molecules

    • Group of atoms linked by a chemical bond

    • either organic/unorganic

    • types: Covalent- Strong, Ionic - Strong, H-bond - weak

  • Macromolecules are ORGANIC

    • Made of C,H and O

    • Types: Polysaccharides, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids.

    • Common characteristics: They are- HUGE, ORGANIC, POLYMERS

  • Interrelationships Among Body Systems

    • Digestive system processes nutrients; respiratory system exchanges gases; cardiovascular system distributes oxygen.

  • What’s atomic number

    • # of protons in an atom

    • # of protons = # of electrons

  • What’s atomic mass (weight)

    • it’s weight/mass of nucleus of atom

    • (protons) + (neutrons) = atomic mass

  • How to find # of Neutrons

    • (Protons + neutrons) - (protons)

  • Where are the particles

    • Protons and Neutrons: in nucleus

    • Electrons: outside on shells

  • Atom vs Ion

    • ion is an atom which has either GIVEN or RECEIVED an electron

    • electrons are NEGATIVE

    • atoms lost electron = became positive

    • atom recieved electron = became negative

  • Hydrogen Bond

    • Form/something that makes something be formed (shape)

  • What’s pH

    • pH is a measure of acidity or basicity

    • Acidity is based on HOW many H+(hydrogenions) there are, below 7 acidic

    • The lower the #, the more acidic it is

  • Polyssocharides

    • Complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides

  • GLUCOSE (sugar)

    • most important sugar for vital functions

    • Formula: C6H12O6

    • it’s a monosaccharide

    • monomer: simple sugar

  • GLUTEN

    • proteins found in meat

    • helps food maintain shape, like glue holds food together

  • Peptide vs H-bonds

    • If Peptide bonds break: protein is destroyed

    • If H-Bonds break: protein is not destroyed, but will lose its shape and may not work correctly

    • Denaturation= breaking of H-bonds

    • Renaturation= reforming of H-bonds

  • Lipids = FATS

    • Two types: basic lipids or glycerides (neutral fats) and steroids

    • Basic lipids= made of glycerol and fatty acid chains

    • Steroids: made from cholesterol

  • What’s a nucleotide

    • Big molecule: Phosphate, a sugar, and a Nitrogenous base

  • DNA vs RNA

    • two NUCLEIC ACIDS : DNA (found in Nucleus of cell, and a little bit inmitochondria), double chain/stand

    • RNA ( found first in nucleus, then migrate to cytoplasm), single chain