AP Human Geography Notes

5 Themes of Geography:

• Location: Relative and absolute (latitude and longitude).
• Place: Physical and human characteristics.
• Human-Environment Interaction: How humans interact with their environment.
• Movement: Mobility of individuals, goods, and ideas.
• Regions: Specific criteria with distinctive characteristics.

Physical vs. Human Geography:

• Physical: Topography, climate, flora/fauna, soil.
• Human: Culture, population, economic, political, urban, agriculture.

Map Distortion:

• Shape, direction, distance, relative size.

Thematic Maps:

• Isoline: Lines of equal value (elevation, pressure, temperature).
• Choropleth: Shading patterns or colors.
• Graduated Symbol: Symbol size related to data intensity.
• Dot Map: Dot quantity represents frequency.
• Cartogram: Political unit size displays data value.

LACEMOPS (Climate Factors):

• L: Latitude (distance from equator).
• A: Air Masses (cold from poles, hot from tropics).
• C: Continentality (inland vs. coastal).
• E: Elevation (temperature decreases with height: $3.5$ degrees per 1,000 ft).
• M: Mountain Barriers (windward vs. leeward).
• O: Ocean Currents (cold = dry/cool air, warm = warm/wet air).
• P: Pressure Cells (High = cold, Low = warm).
• S: Storms (polar/western lines meet).

Pressure:

• High pressure = cold; low pressure = hot

Migration Patterns:

• Women: More migratory within a country.
• Men: More migratory between countries.
• Most migrants: Adults.
• Large cities: Grow more by migration.
• Rural to urban: Major stream.
• Economic: Major explanation.

Map Projections:

• Goode's Interrupted: Minimizes distortion, interrupts oceans.
• Conic: Accurate distance and directions, small areas.
• Planar: Accurate at center, half earth at a time.
• Mercator: Distorts shape/size, good direction/distance.
• Robinson: Spread distortion, proportional, poles as straight lines.
• Gall-Peters: Accurate landmass sizes, distorted shapes.
• Fuller: Accurate size/shape, no cardinal directions.
• Winkel Tripel: Rounder, distortion near poles.

Economic Country Types:

• Primary: Resource extraction.
• Secondary: Manufacturing.
• Tertiary: Services.
• Quaternary: Information and management.
• MDC: Most Developed Country (e.g., US, Canada, Western Europe).
• NIC: Newly Industrialized Country (e.g., China, India, Brazil).
• LDC: Least Developed Country (e.g., Angola, Benin, Burundi).

Unit 1 Vocabulary:

• Cartography: Science of mapmaking.
• Reference maps: Show geography, no political data.
• Map scale: Level of detail and area covered.
• Small scale: 1/1,000,000 (zoomed out).
• Large scale: 1/25,000 (zoomed in).
• Scale of analysis: Data organization on a map (global, national, regional, local).
• Scale of inquiry: Best analysis scale for a topic.
• Absolute distance: Quantitative (miles, kilometers).
• Relative distance: Qualitative (20 min south).
• Clustering: Object closeness.
• Dispersal: Object spread.
• Meridians: Longitude (0° = Prime Meridian).
• Parallels: Latitude (0° = Equator).
• Time zones: 24, 15° longitude each.
• GMT: Greenwich Mean Time.
• GPS: Absolute position via satellites.
• GIS: Computer system with data layers.
• Site: Physical characteristics.
• Situation: Location relative to other places.
• Formal region: Uniform characteristics, distinct boundaries.
• Functional region: Nodal, center with outward diffusion.
• Perceptual region: Vernacular, based on cultural identity.
• Culture: Beliefs/values, materials.
• Archipelago: Chain of islands.
• Spatial distribution: Arrangement on Earth's surface.
• Density: Frequency.
• Concentration: Spread in space.
• Pattern: Where it occurs.
• Relocation diffusion: Spread via physical movement.
• Expansion diffusion: Additive spread.
  • Hierarchical: Through authority nodes.
  • Contagious: Widespread, rapid.
  • Stimulus: Underlying principle spreads, original changes.
• Reverse hierarchical diffusion: Lower-class to higher-class spread.
• Distance decay: Effect decreases with distance.

Wallerstein’s Core-Periphery Model:

• Core countries: North America, West Europe, Japan
• Peripheral countries: Africa, Asia, Latin America
• Semi-periphery countries: Argentina, China, Brazil, Mexico, Iran, Indonesia

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth:

• 5 stages

Space-Time Compression:

• Increased connectivity, reduces distance decay.

Pillars of Stability:

-Environment pillar.
-Economy Pillar.
-Society Pillar.

Environmental Determinism:

• Environment causes success of a place.
• Increasing for LDCs

Possibilism:

• People control the environment to a high extent.

Qualitative data:

• Opinion based, not measurable.

Census:

• Every 10 years is an official count of individuals in a population and collection of geographic data.

Unit 2 Notes:

Population Clusters:

• East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe.

Site/Situation of Population:

• Clusters: Low-lying, fertile soil, temperate climate, near water.
• Sparsely Populated: Dry, wet, cold, high lands.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM):

• Stage 1: Low growth (high birth/death rates).
• Stage 2: High growth (declining death rates, high birth rates).
• Stage 3: Moderate growth (declining birth/death rates).
• Stage 4: Low growth (low birth/death rates, ZPG).
• Stage 5: Decline (low CBR, increasing CDR).

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM):

• Stage 1: Pestilence and famine.
• Stage 2: Receding pandemics.
• Stage 3: Degenerative diseases.
• Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases.
• Stage 5: Evolution of viruses.

Healthcare Systems:

• Developed: Public service, government pays.
• Developing: Individuals pay.

Declining Birth Rates:

• Improving education and healthcare
• Contraception

Population Policies:

• Pro-natalist/expansive: Encourages births.
• Anti-natalist/restrictive: Discourages births.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration:

1) Most migrants only go a short distance
2) Migration proceeds step by step
3) Migrants going long distance prefer big cities
4) Each migration stream produces a compensation counter stream
5) Rural people are more migratory than urban
6) Women more migratory within a country; men more migratory between countries
7) Most migrants are adults since families are harder to transport and migrate less.
8) Large cities grow more by natural increase
9) Migration increases in volumes as commerce develop and transportation improves
10) Majorstream of migration is rural to urban
11) The major cause of migration is economic.

US Immigration Eras:

• Colonial (Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa).
• Mass European (N/W then S/E Europe).
  • Asian/Latin American

Forced Political Migrants:

• Refugee: Forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life.
• Internally displaced person.
• Asylum seeker: A migrant who is looking to be a refugee of another country.

Unit 2 Vocabulary:

• Ecumene: Places of permanent human settlement.
• Colonialism: Imposing political, economic, and cultural principles.
• Imperialism: Determining settlements and imposing principles.
• Carrying capacity: Number of individuals an environment can support.
• Agricultural density: Farmers divided by arable land.
• Arithmetic density: Total population divided by total land.
• Physiological density: Population divided by arable land.
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Births per 1,000.
• Crude Death Rate (CDR): Deaths per 1,000.
• Natural Increase Rate (NIR): CBR - CDR (%).
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Infant deaths per 1,000.
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average kids per woman.
• Life expectancy: Average years a baby will live.
  Doubling time-The amount of time it takes for a single population to double in size.
  -Dependency Ratio- Number of people too old or young to work(14 and younger,and 65+)

Dependency ratio:

-The larger the dependency ratio the more burden there's on the working population

Sex ratio:

• Number of males per 100 females

Thomas Malthus' Theory:

• Population grows exponentially, food supply increases arithmetically.

Neo-Malthusians:

• Believe earth’s resources can only support a finite population.

GDP Per Capita:

• Measure of country's economic output/number of individuals.

Migration:

-Emigration is Leaving an area as a part of permanent move.

Intervening obstacle:

• Environmental or cultural element that stop migration.
  -Intervening opportunity -Cultural, economic, political, environmental factor that causes an individual to prevent migrating to their original destination.

Minority-majority:

• Minorities add up to be greater than majority.
• Step migration
• Chain migration
  • #1 reason to maneuver is to search out jobs

Interregional migration:

• Interregional migration -Movement from one region to a different region within the same country

Brain Drain: Loss of skilled educated workers.

# -Preference shown for specific employment placement and family reunification

Great Migration:

Africans migrate to another state to flee discrimination

Counter migration:

• United States citizens move to Mexico.

Unit 3 Notes:

Folk Music:

• Originates anonymously, transmitted orally.
  Populer Music:
  -Music writtten with the intent of being sold and Performed in front of a paying audience

Style of clothing worn Folk Clothing Preferences:

-Style of clothing worn in response to distinctive agricultural practices and climatic conditions.

Style of clothing worn Style of clothing shows occupation or income instead of the environment Popular Clothing Preferences:

Folk Housing:

-Available resources influence what is built.

Threats to folk culture:

-Loss of traditional values

Barriers on Diffusion:

-Distance or physical barriers

Regulatory barriers :

-Import laws/customs, trade agreements, media contracts/providers delay diffusion

A restriction imposed by a social custom to eat particular plants or animals that are believed to embody negative forces is a taboo.

• Ancient Hebrews forbade eating animals that did not chew their cud or that have cloven feet and fish lacking fins or scales.
  • Muslims embrace the taboo against eating pork.
    Hindus embrace the taboo against consuming cattle.

Language:

System of communication through speech, collection of sounds with same meaning.

Language branch:

Collection of languages within a a family related through a common ancestral language. Differences are not as significant or as old as between families few thousand years ago.

Language group:

Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin and vocabulary traces to earlier origin.

Indo-European :

Languages spoken in  China and other  smaller countries in  Southeast Asia.

Germanic branch :

• Primarily in northwestern Europe and North America.

The two largest language families.:

-Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan

Universalizing Religions:

-Christianity with largest domination in southwest and east Europe, Latin America.
-Islam
-Buddhism
-Sikhism

• Diffuse slow, along trade routes

Ethnic Religion:
-Hinduism
Animism
-Inanimate objects or natural events like disasters have spiritis, common in Africa
Judaism

• First abrahamic religion
• Body must be buried and touching earth, Jerusalem running out of space to bury
  Chinese religions

Conflicts because of language:

- Northern Belgium (flemings - dutch dialect) vs southern belgium (walloons - french ) 

Ireland catholics vs protestants:

• Conflicts in signs, cultural affair, public health, urban development, french is official state language, germanic vs romance languages
  Israel conflicts- Fighting between Palestinians and Jews.

Jews:

Believed muhammad ascended there and conquered land during the 7th century Chrsitians believe Death and resurrection occurred there

Africans and Hispanics cluster in cities

African migration in US:

• -Interregional migration from the southern United States to northern cities in the early 20th century -

Ethnic Cleasing: One ethnicity removes another to create a homogeneous region.

• Physical Separation of different races into diffrent geographic areas:

Sri lanka discrimination:

Sinhalase

• -74%, migrated from India and converted to Buddhism -
  Tamil:
• 16% , migrated from india and they practice hinduism-
  Kurds:
  these people have their own culture, speak iran language and no defined country their ethnicity is divided.
  #Unit 3 Vocabulary
• Culture appropriation What one does should be appropriate in their culture
  -Culture relativismJudging another culture based on one’s own standards Cultural
  -ConvergenTwo cultures become more similar from frequent interactions
  -Cultural landscape-Imprint of human culture on the land
  -DiasporaDispersion of people from their homeland, Ex: Jews from Israel GenocideMass
  -Ethnic cleansingOne ethnicity removes another to create a homogeneous region, Ex:
  Bosnian Muslims in former Yugoslavia were eliminated and a diverse Balkan peninsula is created
  -Literary traditionSystem of written communication Multilingual statesStates with more than one official language, Ex: Belgium,
  -Sacred sitesEx: Kaaba mosque in Mecca, Jerusalem, Salt Lake City for Mormons, Dome of
  Rock

Unit 4 Notes:

Devolution:

-Movement of power from the central government to the regional government within a state.  

Shapes of States:

-Compact: Efficient
-Elongated: Potential isolation, long, poor internal communication
-Prorupted: Success of disruption, compact with large projecting section
-Perforated: State completely surrounds another
-Fragmented: Problematic, several discontinuous pieces

Gerrymandering –

• Redrawing legislative boundaries to favor the party in power, illegal in 1985

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – treaty 1982:

• Dispute about who owns islands between Philippines, Indonesia, China, and Malaysia

-4 Zones

-Territorial sea : 12 nautical miles for fishing, innocent passage
-Contiguous zone24 nautical miles
-Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) -200 nautical miles state can explore and manage natural resources
-High seas beoynd EEZ open to all states
Military Organizations-NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Economic organizations -European Union EU, promote the development of its

Unit 4 Vocabulary:

StateA:

Area organized into a political unit and ruled by a government, has a permanent  
population, occupies a defined territory,  City-state
First states, made of towns and surrounding countryside, walls made to show  
boundaries Sel

Satelite states

Dominated by another state and or politically and econo
Colonialism
Country establishes settlement to impose its politics, economy, and culture on  that territory

Frontier:

Zone no state exercises complete political control, rather than boundaries separating .State
Formal name for country, defined bordes, sovereign gov, recognized, permanent population

Cultural Boundaries

Geometric (straight line drawn on map, canada and US border), religious, language, ethnic (england,france,portuga,spain boundaries, bc of language or religion)

Unit 5 Notes:

Plant Domestication:

• Seasonal migration revealed that fruits and grains could be harvest from wild plants and trees
  -People soon used plant fibers to make clothing from flax and cotton

Plantation agriculture :

• Banana: Brazil, Dominica, Costa Rica, Honduras
  -Cane Sugar: United States (Florida), Brazil, Cuba, China
• Coffee: Ethiopia, Kenya, Columbia, Brazil, United States (Hawaii)
  -- Tea: Sri Lanka, India, China, Thailand
  Rubber: Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, Mexico
• Cacao (chocolate): Ghana, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia
  -Palm Oil: Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand

Tropical deforestation:

-Rainforest soils are depleted of water and nutrients by natural vegetation making the  soil poor Trees in the rainforest are being cut down.
-The Agricultural Revolutions reduces the amount of labor needed to produce goods and increasing the number of goods harvested per unit of land.

Synthesized artificial fertilizers and chemical insecticides  

• Ammonium nitrate - first fertilizer  

The Columbian Exchange

1--New world to the only world::
maize, cayenne pepper, bell peppers, potato, tomato,  manioc, tobacco, rubber, peanuts, cacao, turkeys
2-- old world to the New World:
wheat, rice, coffee, apples, citrus, horses, cattle, hogs chicken, sheep goats

Geographic and Historical Consideration:  

• In the 1800s - early 1900s there was rapid rural-to-urban migration.
  Farm Crisis: Low crop prices are low profitability increased fuel costs  Banks see farms as risky creditors. In the 1970s, US and Canadian governments aid farmers
  Non-GMO Foods: No evidence that GMOs cause harm to humans The EU requires food that contains GMOs should have the label

Similar areas outside of the Meditrerran that have similar climate and produce Mediterranean crops:

• Aquaculture- Fish farming BSE - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Mad cow disese. the practice of producing plants by select breeding ,Multi cropping : more secure than monoculture

Animal feed:

Used for industrial use.
-Ethanol: Alcohol that supplements gasoline and burns clearer.
Slash and burn agriculture:Farmers shifting one plot of land to another every few years
Overgrazing Le to significant amounts of dry grassland being eroded
Vegetative planting:Shots are collected and grown together and agriculture fertilized seed grains and fruits are collected
Hybrid:offspring of two plants or animals of different species of varieties

Green Revolution-: hort tropical plant, animal hybrids, and chemical fertilizers.

-Third-World agriculture. expanded food production rapidly rowing population

Genetic Engineering The B Corn biotechnology:

uses living organisms factories

Natural food products. :

artificial GMOs or hormones added food,Parmigiano Re,cheese and Yogurt.

johhann heinrich Von'thumem

Land Tent Curve:
A model that presents the changes in rent through a mathematical function

Unit 6 Notes

Development indicators, theory location

Sector Categories

Classify sectors based: Agriculture, Service sector, energy Demand China.

Asian Tigers Old and new:

Manufacturing Redevelopment period 1950 1970 Foreign Aid source development investment

Wallerstein World System Theory.

Uneven development. Capitalism. Collapsing the feudalism

Purchasing lower poverty An estimate this records Differences   the countries.
Sectors -divisions of the economy -Mining and energy extraction is Valuable depending on commodity prices.
Ecosystema A community of interacting organisms

Value-added processing:The transformation of raw goods to more valuable goods.

resource-dependant countryA country that depends on natural resourses
Renewable_energyEnergy sources that do not run on fossil Fuelds

Resources

Rapid population growth: