Semester II Finals Review Physics 9 Honors

Measurable Characteristics: Understanding and relating wave characteristics is key.
- How to change the speed of a wave
- Period and frequency
- The Wave Equation
Equation:
- $v = fλ$ where:
  - $v$ is the speed of the wave,
  - $f$ is the frequency,
  - $λ$ is the wavelength.
- This equation relates the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves.

Understanding Earthquakes: Understanding different types of earthquake waves helps us understand earthquakes and the Earth.
Key Questions:
- What causes earthquakes?
- How does understanding the different types of earthquake waves help us better understand them and the Earth?
Topics Studied:
- Different types of earthquake waves and reading a seismogram
- Triangulation to determine the epicenter of an earthquake
- The connection between earthquake magnitude and damage

Understanding the Universe: Studying light and the Big Bang helps us understand the size, age, and changes in the Universe.
Key Questions:
- How big is the Universe and how do we know?
- How many stars/galaxies/etc are there and how do we know?
- How is the Universe changing?
Topics Studied:
- Light Spectra
- Inverse Square Law
- Doppler Effect
- Hubble’s Law
- Cosmic Distance Ladder

Understanding Momentum: Understanding how the momentum of an object can be changed and what happens during collisions.
Key Questions:
- How can the momentum of an object be changed?
- What happens when a collision occurs?
- What is conservation?
Topics Studied:
- Force vs. Time graphs
- Simple collisions (1 object and a barrier) to determine motion characteristics of that object
- Complex collisions (2 objects) to determine if momentum is conserved, as well as, the motion characteristics of those objects
Conservation of Linear Momentum: The total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

Understanding Energy: Understanding how the energy of a system can be categorized and how it changes.
Key Questions:
- How can the energy of a system be categorized?
- How does the energy of a system change?
- What are the connections between energy, work, and forces?
Topics Studied:
- Gravitational potential and kinetic energy
- Conservation of energy and added/lost energy
- Work as a change in energy caused by a force

Properties of Waves:
- A wave’s energy is carried in its amplitude, which manifests itself as loudness in sound and brightness in light.
- Wave motion: back and forth motion of source (oscillation) moves in a straight-line through a medium away from source (propagation).
- Distinguish between transverse (secondary) and longitudinal (compressional/primary) waves.
Characteristics of Waves:
- Measure and calculate wave characteristics: period, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and propagational speed.
- Understand relationships among all wave characteristics, and how changes to one characteristic affects the others. This includes comparing/contrasting period, frequency, and using units.
- Identify wave characteristics from a position vs. time graph: period, frequency, and amplitude.
Algebraic Application of Wave Equation:
- $v = fλ$
- Make predictions by algebraically solving the wave equation.

Properties of Waves:
- A wave’s energy is carried in its amplitude, which manifests itself as loudness in sound and brightness in light.
- Wave motion: back and forth motion of source (oscillation) moves in a straight-line through a medium away from source (propagation).
- Distinguish between transverse (secondary) and longitudinal (compressional/primary) waves.
Characteristics of Waves:
- Measure and calculate wave characteristics: period, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and propagational speed.
- Understand relationships among all wave characteristics, and how changes to one characteristic affects the others. This includes comparing/contrasting period, frequency, and using units.
- Identify wave characteristics from a position vs. time graph: period, frequency, and amplitude.
Earthquakes:
- Identify the three types of seismic waves (primary, secondary, and surface waves).
- Explain how a seismograph is used to characterize an earthquake.
- Differentiate primary and secondary waves based on their behavior and from analysis of a seismogram.
- Determine the epicenter and magnitude of an earthquake using triangulation.
- Determine the magnitude of an earthquake and describe why some earthquakes do more damage than others.

Visible Light Spectra:
- Describe and differentiate emission, absorption and continuous spectra - including how they are formed and what information can be inferred from them.
Distance and Wave Properties:
- Apply the inverse square law qualitatively and quantitatively to measurements of both light and sound
Movement and Wave Properties:
- Apply the Doppler effect qualitatively to graphical and observable measurement of both light and sound
Spectral Analysis and Expanding Universe:
- Describe how the spectrum from a star or galaxy will change depending on the relative motion of the star or galaxy
- Describe the relationship between galactic redshift and distance and the implications of this relationship.
- Explain how spectral analysis gives insight into the size and age of the universe.
Cosmic Distance Ladder:
- Describe and explain the methods and techniques for measuring relative distances in the Universe
Big Bang Theory:
- Construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies and composition of matter in the universe.

Impulse:
- Analyze an F-t graph of a collision to determine information such as average/maximum force, and time of impact.
- Apply the impulse equation: $\overrightarrow{F}t = mvf - mvi$ to solve for $F$ , $t$ , $m$ , $vf$ , $vi$
- Use the impulse equation to qualitatively justify and make claims about the relationship between the net force acting on an object and time duration of that net force.
Conservation of Linear Momentum:
- Solve one variable equation to investigate momentum ( $p = mv$ ).
- Apply the conservation of momentum equation to algebraically solve for the speed before or after a collision between two movable objects.
- Total momentum of a system is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

Forms of Energy:
- Identify the forms of energy present for objects at any particular moment.
- Identify that gravitational potential energy is dependent upon height/altitude.
- Identify that kinetic energy is dependent upon velocity.
Algebra:
- Apply the Grav. PE equation $Eg = mgh$ , to solve for $Eg$ , $m$ , $h$ .
- Apply the kinetic equation $Ek = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ , to solve for $Ek$ , $m$ , $v$ .
Conservation:
- Demonstrate the concept of conservation of total energy, and utilize it to problem-solve situations involving exchanges between height/distance and speed.
- Conservation of energy equation: $Eg + Ek = Eg + Ek + E_{lost}$
- Apply the Conservation of Energy equation: $Eg + Ek = Eg + Ek$ , to solve for speed or height.
- Utilize the law of conservation of energy to solve for the energy lost.
Work:
- Conceptually and mathematically apply the concept of work as the change in energy due to a force acting along a distance.
- Assess gains and losses in energy as positive or negative work.
- Algebraically solve for the unknown variables using the mathematical equation for work: $W = FΔx$