❤️❤️ CH 18 Life in Industrial America Notes

Rudyard Kipling visited Chicago in 1889 and described it as a city captivated by technology and greed.
Chicago became America’s butcher due to its meatpacking industry.
Chicago's population grew rapidly from 30,000 in 1850 to 1.7 million by the turn of the 20th century.
By 1900, nearly 80% of Chicago’s population was foreign-born or children of foreign-born immigrants.
Industrialization led to the rise of cities, immigration, transformation of labor, mass culture, wealth concentration, city slums, the conquest of the West, a middle class, poverty, big business, inequalities, capital vs. labor battles, destruction of independent farming, breakthrough technologies, and environmental destruction.

Railroads created capital concentrations, massive corporations, vast fortunes, united labor demands, and linked towns and cities.
National railroad mileage tripled after the Civil War and again over the next four decades.
Railroads impelled uniform time zones, provided access to remote markets, and opened the American West.
Railroad companies used incorporation to protect shareholders from losses and received government support.
Wage earners found it harder to achieve economic independence due to new technology and mechanization.
Stronger labor unions formed.
Owners turned to managers to handle vast operations, swelling the ranks of the middle class.
Food production and consumption became nationalized.
Chicago became the Gateway City, connecting agricultural goods, capital markets, and consumers.
Thomas Edison established a research laboratory and commercially produced electric power and lighting.
By 1883, Edison oversaw 330 plants powering lamps in factories, offices, hotels, and theaters worldwide.
Electricity revolutionized the world, powering the Second Industrial Revolution.

Manufacturing needed the labor pool and infrastructure that cities provided.
America’s urban population increased sevenfold in the half-century after the Civil War.
Between 1870 and 1920, over twenty-five million immigrants arrived in the United States.
New immigrant groups included Italians, Poles, and Eastern European Jews.
Economics was the most important factor drawing immigrants to the United States.
Immigrant workers labored in industries producing steel, textiles, and food products.
Immigrants clustered in ethnic neighborhoods, forming organizations and societies.
Political machines like Tammany Hall in New York City responded to immigrant needs.

Henry Grady promoted a New South that could embrace industrialization and diversified agriculture.
The Confederacy's failed insurrection damaged the southern economy and prestige.
White southerners disenfranchised African Americans and passed “Jim Crow” laws.
Lynchings were common, with white mobs murdering thousands of African Americans.
Ida B. Wells and others worked to outlaw lynching.
Southern states implemented legal disfranchisement through literacy tests and poll taxes.
Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in public and private life.
The “Lost Cause” glorified the Confederacy and romanticized the Old South.

The “tainted money debate” questioned the relationship between religion and capitalism.
Andrew Carnegie popularized the “gospel of wealth,” arguing for the moral obligation of the rich to give to charity.
American churches adapted to the new industrial order.
Women occupied a larger percentage of American college students.
Urbanization and immigration fueled anxieties about social mores.
Women became activists and bolstered the suffrage movement.
Women's fashion loosed its physical constraints, enabling greater freedom.
Muscular Christianity sought to stiffen young men’s backbones by putting them back in touch with their primal manliness.
Vaudeville signaled new cultural worlds and family-friendly entertainment.
Thomas Edison pioneered the phonograph and motion pictures, revolutionizing leisure and creating mass entertainment culture.