MEDS

1. Adenosine — Antiarrhythmic

  • MOA: Slows conduction through the AV node and interrupts reentry pathways.

  • Indication: Regular narrow-complex SVT refractory to vagal maneuvers.

  • Dose: Adult: 6 mg rapid IV, followed by 20 mL NS flush → 12 mg after 2 minutes if needed → third 12 mg requires command. Peds: 0.1 mg/kg (max 6 mg) → 0.2 mg/kg (max 12 mg).

  • Contraindications: Sick sinus syndrome, 2nd/3rd-degree heart block, hypersensitivity, poison/drug-induced tachycardia, asthma/bronchospasm, V-tach.


2. Amiodarone — Antiarrhythmic

  • MOA: Prolongs the myocardial action potential and refractory period; delays repolarization.

  • Indication: VF/pulseless VT; stable wide-complex tachycardia.

  • Dose: Pulseless VF/VT: 300 mg IV/IO, then 150 mg if needed. Stable VT: 150 mg in 50–100 mL NS over 10 min. Peds: 5 mg/kg.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, iodine hypersensitivity, bradycardia, AV block >1st degree without pacemaker, SBP <100.


3. Aspirin — Antiplatelet / NSAID

  • MOA: Blocks thromboxane A2 → decreases platelet aggregation and arterial constriction; also decreases prostaglandins.

  • Indication: Chest pain, acute MI; mild-moderate adult pain.

  • Dose: Chest pain: 324 mg PO chewed. Pain (>14 years): 650 mg PO.

  • Contraindications: GI bleeding, active ulcer, hemorrhagic stroke, bleeding disorders, hypersensitivity; children with chickenpox/flu-like illness.


4. Atropine Sulfate — Antiarrhythmic / Antimuscarinic / Parasympatholytic / Antivagolytic

  • MOA: Blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors → blocks parasympathetic effects.

  • Indication: Hemodynamically significant bradycardia; organophosphate poisoning.

  • Dose: Bradycardia: 1 mg IV every 3–5 min, max 3 mg. Organophosphate: 2–6 mg IV every 15–30 min until vitals improve. Peds: 0.02 mg/kg, minimum 0.1 mg, max single dose 0.5 mg/total 1 mg.

  • Contraindications: AMI, myasthenia gravis, GI obstruction, closed-angle glaucoma, sensitivity, tachycardia; ineffective for intranodal type II AV block/new 3rd-degree block with wide QRS.


5. Captopril — ACE Inhibitor / Antihypertensive

  • MOA: Blocks conversion of angiotensin I → angiotensin II → decreases vascular resistance, preload/afterload and sodium/water retention.

  • Indication: Acute pulmonary edema; CHF.

  • Dose: 25 mg SL.

  • Contraindication: Hypersensitivity/allergy to ACE inhibitors.


6. Diltiazem (Cardizem) — Antiarrhythmic

  • MOA: Blocks calcium entry into cardiac muscle → slows AV-node conduction.

  • Indication: Irregular narrow-complex SVT, adenosine-refractory regular SVT, AFib with RVR, atrial flutter.

  • Dose: 0.25 mg/kg IV/IO over 2 min → second dose 0.35 mg/kg.

  • Contraindications: Hypotension, 2nd/3rd-degree heart block, heart failure, sick sinus rhythm, WPW.


7. Dobutamine — Adrenergic Inotropic Agent

  • MOA: Beta-1 agonist → increases cardiac contractility and stroke volume.

  • Indication: CHF with cardiogenic shock; post-ROSC hypotension.

  • Dose: 5–20 mcg/kg/min, starting at 5 and increasing by 5 every 10 min until SBP >100.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, hypovolemia.


8. Dopamine — Inotrope / Vasopressor

  • MOA: Stimulates alpha/beta receptors → increases contractility/cardiac output; higher doses produce more vasoconstriction.

  • Indication: Cardiogenic/septic shock; hypotension with low cardiac output.

  • Dose: Start 5 mcg/kg/min, increase by 5 every 10 min until SBP >100; generally max 20 mcg/kg/min without command.

  • Contraindications: Pheochromocytoma, VF/VT/ventricular arrhythmias, hypersensitivity; correct hypovolemia first; trauma.


9. Epinephrine 0.1 mg/mL (1:10,000) — Vasopressor

  • MOA: Alpha → vasoconstriction; beta-1 → increases HR/contractility; beta-2 → bronchodilation.

  • Indication: Cardiac arrest.

  • Dose: 1 mg IV/IO every 3–5 min. Your sheet also contains push-dose and infusion dosing.

  • Contraindications: Sheet lists arrhythmias other than VF/asystole/PEA, cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease, hypertension and additional cautions.


10. Epinephrine 1 mg/mL (1:1,000) — Non-Selective Beta Agonist

  • MOA: Alpha vasoconstriction + beta-1 cardiac stimulation + beta-2 bronchodilation.

  • Indication: Severe anaphylaxis; asthma/bronchospasm with medical command.

  • Dose: Adult: 0.3 mg IM every 5–15 min PRN. Peds: 0.01 mg/kg IM, max 0.3 mg.

  • Contraindications/Cautions: Cardiovascular disease, HTN, cerebrovascular disease, non-anaphylactic shock, closed-angle glaucoma, diabetes, active labor, sensitivity.


11. Furosemide (Lasix) — Non-Potassium-Sparing Loop Diuretic

  • MOA: Inhibits sodium, chloride and water reabsorption in the loop of Henle.

  • Indication: CHF; pulmonary edema.

  • Dose: IV dose equivalent to patient’s daily PO dose (40–100 mg; medical command).

  • Contraindications: Sulfonamide/furosemide sensitivity, anuria, hypovolemia, hypokalemia.


12. Levophed (Norepinephrine) — Adrenergic Receptor Agonist

  • MOA: Primarily alpha-1 stimulation → strong vasoconstriction; also has beta activity.

  • Indication: Non-hypovolemic shock/hypotension.

  • Dose: 0.05–0.5 mcg/kg/min, increasing by 0.05 every 5 min to MAP 65.

  • Contraindication: Sulfite allergy.


13. Lidocaine 2% — Antiarrhythmic

  • MOA: Blocks fast sodium channels → decreases myocardial automaticity, excitability and conduction.

  • Indication: VF/pulseless VT, VT with pulse, ventricular arrhythmias; IO anesthesia.

  • Dose: Arrest: 1.5 mg/kg, then 0.5–0.75 mg/kg every 5–10 min, max 3 mg/kg. IO anesthesia: 0.5 mg/kg, max 40 mg.

  • Contraindications: Thrombocytopenia, lidocaine/sulfite/paraben sensitivity; caution with bradycardia, hypovolemia, cardiogenic shock, Adams-Stokes, WPW.


14. Magnesium Sulfate — Electrolyte

  • MOA: Reduces striated muscle contraction.

  • Indication: Cardiac arrest/Torsades/hypomagnesemia, Torsades with pulse, eclamptic seizures; bronchodilator with command.

  • Dose: Torsades/arrest: 2 g IV/IO. Eclampsia: 1 g/min until seizure stops, max 4 g. Bronchospasm: 2 g IV/IO.

  • Contraindications: AV block/myocardial damage, hypotension, GI obstruction; caution renal impairment.


15. Nitroglycerin — Nitrate

  • MOA: Relaxes vascular smooth muscle → decreases preload.

  • Indication: CHF/pulmonary edema; suspected ACS/chest pain.

  • Dose: Chest pain: 1 SL tablet/spray every 5 min, max 3, with SBP >100. CHF dosing varies by SBP; sheet also includes IV dosing.

  • Contraindications: Hypotension, severe brady/tachycardia, right-sided MI, increased ICP/intracranial bleeding, erectile-dysfunction medications, nitrate sensitivity.


16. Procainamide — Class IA Antiarrhythmic

  • MOA: Blocks sodium entry during depolarization and raises ventricular fibrillation threshold.

  • Indication: Refractory VF/VT; wide-complex tachycardia.

  • Dose: 15 mg/kg IV/IO over 30–60 min.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, SBP <100, HR <60, AV block >1st degree, history of Torsades/QT prolongation.


17. Verapamil — Calcium Channel Blocker

  • MOA: Causes vasodilation and slows AV-node conduction.

  • Indication: PSVT refractory to adenosine, SVT, AFib RVR, atrial flutter.

  • Dose: 5 mg IV over 2–3 min, repeat 5–10 mg in 15 min.

  • Contraindications: Severe hypotension, cardiogenic shock, VT; verify no WPW with AFib/flutter.



1. Albuterol — Bronchodilator / Anti-Asthmatic

  • MOA: Selective beta-2 agonist → relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.

  • Indication: COPD/asthma bronchospasm.

  • Dose: >20 kg: 2.5–5 mg nebulized. <20 kg/<1 year: 1.25 mg.

  • Contraindications: Angioedema, albuterol/levalbuterol sensitivity; caution with cardiac disease/arrhythmias.


2. Dexamethasone (Decadron) — Corticosteroid / Adrenal Glucocorticoid

  • MOA: Suppresses inflammatory and immune responses.

  • Indication: Anaphylaxis, asthma, HACE, spinal cord injury, croup, acute mountain sickness.

  • Dose: Bronchospasm: 0.6 mg/kg, max 16 mg. Croup: 0.6 mg/kg, max 16 mg. Other dosing varies by indication.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, systemic fungal infection, preterm infants.


3. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) — Antihistamine

  • MOA: Blocks histamine receptors → reduces effects such as bronchoconstriction and vasodilation.

  • Indication: Anaphylaxis; allergic reaction.

  • Dose: Adult: 50 mg IV/IM/IO/PO. Peds: 1 mg/kg, max 50 mg.

  • Contraindications: Acute asthma, cardiac histories, sensitivity, MAO inhibitors, newborns/nursing mothers.


4. DuoNeb (Albuterol + Atrovent) — Bronchodilator / Anti-Asthmatic

  • MOA: Albuterol stimulates beta-2 receptors while ipratropium blocks acetylcholine → bronchodilation.

  • Indication: COPD/asthma bronchospasm.

  • Dose: 0.5 mg ipratropium + 3 mg albuterol nebulized, repeat PRN; half dose <14 years.

  • Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.


5. Hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef) — Corticosteroid / Adrenal Glucocorticoid

  • MOA: Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive corticosteroid.

  • Indication: Adrenal-insufficiency shock, anaphylaxis, asthma, COPD.

  • Dose: 0–3 yr: 25 mg; 3–12 yr: 50 mg; ≥12 yr: 100 mg IV/IO/IM.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, systemic fungal infection, preterm infants.


6. Levalbuterol (Xopenex) — Sympathomimetic / Bronchodilator / Short-Acting Beta-2 Agonist

  • MOA: Stimulates beta-2 receptors → relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.

  • Indication: Acute bronchospasm in asthma/COPD.

  • Dose: Adult/peds: 1.25 mg in 3 mL NS nebulized over 5–15 min, repeat PRN.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, MAOI within 14 days, angioedema, tachydysrhythmias, severe cardiac disease.


7. Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) — Corticosteroid

  • MOA: Suppresses acute and chronic inflammation.

  • Indication: Anaphylactic reaction; asthma/COPD.

  • Dose: Adult: 40–125 mg IV/IO. Peds: 2 mg/kg.

  • Contraindications: Cushing syndrome, fungal infection, measles, varicella, sensitivity; additional cautions listed on sheet.


8. Racemic Epinephrine — Alpha & Beta Agonist

  • MOA: Bronchodilates and vasoconstricts → reduces upper-airway edema.

  • Indication: Severe/persistent respiratory distress with stridor.

  • Dose: 0.5 mL nebulized in 2 mL NS.

  • Contraindication: MAO inhibitors.


9. Terbutaline — Selective Beta-2 Agonist

  • MOA: Stimulates beta-2 receptors → relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.

  • Indication: Bronchospasm.

  • Dose: Adult: 0.25 mg IM.

  • Contraindications: CHF, pregnancy, hypersensitivity; interactions with MAOIs/TCAs.




1. Acetaminophen — Antipyretic / Non-Opioid Analgesic

  • MOA: Inhibits prostaglandin E2 → raises pain threshold and resets hypothalamic temperature regulation.

  • Indication: Mild-moderate pain; fever.

  • Dose: 15 mg/kg PO/IV; adult max generally 1,000 mg per dose on sheet; peds max 650 mg.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, dose within previous 4 hours, liver disease/failure.


2. Diazepam (Valium) — Benzodiazepine

  • MOA: Potentiates GABA → CNS depression, sedation and anticonvulsant effects.

  • Indication: Seizures/status epilepticus, cardioversion premedication, anxiety.

  • Dose: Adult seizure: 0.2 mg/kg, max 10 mg, repeat q5 min to max 0.6 mg/kg. Peds: 0.3 mg/kg, max 5 mg IV/IO/IM.

  • Contraindications: <6 months, acute-angle glaucoma, CNS depression, alcohol intoxication, hypersensitivity.


3. Droperidol — Antiemetic / Antipsychotic

  • MOA: Blocks dopamine receptors → decreases motor activity/anxiety and produces sedation/antiemetic effects.

  • Indication: N/V, excited delirium/psychosis, chemical restraint.

  • Dose: Nausea: 1.25 mg IV/IO/IM. Agitation: 5 mg IM.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, prolonged QT.


4. Etomidate — Hypnotic

  • MOA: Exact action listed as unknown; appears to produce GABA-like effects.

  • Indication: Sedation-assisted intubation.

  • Dose: 0.3 mg/kg over 30 sec, max 30 mg.

  • Contraindications: Sensitivity; sheet includes cautions regarding labor/nursing and pregnancy.


5. Fentanyl — Opioid Analgesic

  • MOA: Binds opioid receptors → analgesia/euphoria.

  • Indication: Pain; ACS pain after NTG under listed conditions.

  • Dose: 1 mcg/kg (50–100 mcg) IV/IO/IM/IN, repeat half-dose q5 min; max 3 mcg/kg/300 mcg.

  • Contraindications: Sensitivity; caution with TBI and respiratory depression.


6. Ibuprofen — NSAID

  • MOA: Inhibits COX → decreases prostaglandin production.

  • Indication: Minor-moderate traumatic pain.

  • Dose: 10 mg/kg PO, max 600 mg.

  • Contraindications: Abdominal pain, NSAID allergy/use <6 hr, renal insufficiency, GI bleeding, pregnancy.


7. Ketamine — Anesthetic

  • MOA: Primarily interacts with NMDA receptors → anesthesia, dissociation and analgesia.

  • Indication: Excited delirium, intubation induction, pain.

  • Dose: Excited delirium: 4 mg/kg IM (max 400 mg) or 2 mg/kg IV/IO (max 200 mg). Intubation: 2 mg/kg IV/IO. Pain: 0.3 mg/kg over 10 min, max 30 mg.

  • Contraindications: Conditions where significant BP elevation is hazardous; <15 years per sheet; several cardiac/ICP cautions.


8. Lorazepam (Ativan) — Benzodiazepine

  • MOA: Potentiates GABA → CNS depression and seizure suppression.

  • Indication: Anxiety, seizures/status epilepticus, sedation.

  • Dose: 0.1 mg/kg (1–2 mg) IV/IO/IM/IN, repeat q5 min; max 4 mg.

  • Contraindications: Sensitivity, COPD, sleep apnea unless ventilated, shock, coma, acute closed-angle glaucoma, respiratory depression.


9. Midazolam (Versed) — Sedative

  • MOA: Potentiates GABA → sedation, muscle relaxation and anticonvulsant effects.

  • Indication: Intubation sedation, pacing/cardioversion, seizures, behavioral emergencies.

  • Dose: Adult seizure example: 0.2 mg/kg IM (max 10 mg) or 0.1 mg/kg IV/IO (max 4 mg); dosing varies by indication.

  • Contraindications: Acute-angle glaucoma, pregnancy, sensitivity, hypotension, respiratory depression, alcohol intoxication.


10. Morphine Sulfate — Opioid Analgesic

  • MOA: Acts at opioid receptors/CNS → analgesia; also decreases preload and afterload.

  • Indication: Pain; MI.

  • Dose: CP: 0.1 mg/kg IV, max 10 mg/dose, q5 min, max 20 mg. Trauma: 2–5 mg IV/IO/IM, with weight-based limits.

  • Contraindications: Respiratory depression, shock, sensitivity; caution with hypotension, asthma/respiratory insufficiency, head trauma, RV infarct.


11. Nitrous Oxide — Anesthetic

  • MOA: Acts on CNS → mild anesthetic/intoxicant effect.

  • Indication: Musculoskeletal trauma; burns.

  • Dose: 50% O₂ / 50% nitrous oxide.

  • Contraindications: Altered LOC, COPD, acute pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, decompression sickness, inability to self-administer.


12. Toradol (Ketorolac) — NSAID / Anti-Inflammatory

  • MOA: Blocks COX-1/COX-2 → decreases prostaglandins.

  • Indication: Moderate-severe pain.

  • Dose: Adult: 15 mg IV/IO or 30 mg IM. Peds ≥2: 0.5 mg/kg, max 15 mg IV/IO or 30 mg IM.

  • Contraindications: Recent NSAID, bleeding, renal disease/failure, hypovolemia, pregnancy 3rd trimester, nursing, NSAID/ASA allergy, stroke/head trauma and others listed.




1. Activated Charcoal — Absorbent / Antidote

  • MOA: Adsorbs ingested toxins in GI tract → reduces systemic absorption.

  • Indication: Many oral poisonings/medication overdoses in alert patients.

  • Dose: >1 year/adult: 25–50 g PO/NG. <1 year: 1 g/kg (12.5–25 g).

  • Contraindications: AMS without protected airway, substances not adsorbed by charcoal, corrosive ingestion, seizures, hypersensitivity.


2. Calcium Chloride — Electrolyte

  • MOA: Increases myocardial contractile force; stabilizes myocardium and provides calcium replacement.

  • Indication: Hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia with tetany, beta-blocker/CCB overdose, crush syndrome.

  • Dose: Adult: 1 g (10 mL) IV/IO, may repeat. Peds: 0.2 mL/kg IV/IO.

  • Contraindications: Digitalis toxicity, hypercalcemia.


3. Dextrose — Nutrient

  • MOA: Raises blood glucose.

  • Indication: Hypoglycemia; coma of unknown origin.

  • Dose: Adult D10: 25 g/250 mL IV/IO. Peds D10: 5 mL/kg; D25: 2 mL/kg; D12.5: 4 mL/kg.

  • Contraindications: Intracranial/intraspinal hemorrhage, delirium tremens, compromised solution, suspected stroke without hypoglycemia.


4. Glucagon — Hormone / Pancreatic

  • MOA: Converts glycogen → glucose.

  • Indication: Hypoglycemia; beta-blocker/CCB overdose; certain refractory allergic reactions in patients taking beta/CCB medications.

  • Dose: Hypoglycemia: ≥20 kg/5 yr 1 mg IM/IN; smaller child 0.5 mg. OD: 3–5 mg IV/IO (0.05 mg/kg) with command.

  • Contraindications: Pheochromocytoma, insulinoma, sensitivity.


5. Hydroxocobalamin — Antidote

  • MOA: Binds cyanide → forms cyanocobalamin that can be excreted.

  • Indication: Known/suspected cyanide toxicity.

  • Dose: 70 mg/kg IV/IO, max 5 g; command may order an additional dose up to 10 g.

  • Contraindication: Known anaphylaxis/adverse reaction to hydroxocobalamin/cyanocobalamin.


6. Naloxone (Narcan) — Narcotic Antagonist

  • MOA: Competitive opioid-receptor antagonist → reverses opioid respiratory depression.

  • Indication: Narcotic overdose with respiratory depression; alcohol-induced/unknown coma per sheet.

  • Dose: Adult: 0.4 mg IV/IO titrated, max 2 mg; IM/IN 2 mg. Peds: 0.1 mg/kg, max 0.4 mg.

  • Contraindication: Sensitivity; caution with cardiac disease/arrhythmias, head trauma, brain tumor.


7. Pralidoxime (2-PAM) — Cholinesterase Reactivator

  • MOA: Reactivates acetylcholinesterase affected by organophosphates.

  • Indication: Organophosphate/nerve-agent poisoning.

  • Dose: Moderate >41 kg: 600 mg IM. Severe >41 kg: 1,800 mg IM; 18–41 kg: 1,200 mg; 7–18 kg: 600 mg.

  • Contraindication: Hypersensitivity.


8. Sodium Bicarbonate — Electrolyte / Alkalinizer

  • MOA: Alkalinizes/buffers metabolic acidosis and lactic-acid buildup.

  • Indication: Certain cardiac arrests, hyperkalemia, crush injury and several overdoses including TCA.

  • Dose: 1 mEq/kg IV/IO; peds 1–2 mEq/kg.

  • Contraindications: Metabolic alkalosis, hypocalcemia.


9. Sodium Thiosulfate — Antidote

  • MOA: Donates sulfur → helps convert cyanide to thiocyanate for urinary excretion.

  • Indication: Cyanide toxicity.

  • Dose: Adult: 12.5 g (50 mL) IV/IO over 1–2 min. Peds: 1.6 mL/kg, max 12.5 g.

  • Contraindications: None listed; do not administer concurrently in the same IV line with hydroxocobalamin.

Medication+Study+Sheet+2026.pdf



1. Ancef (Cefazolin) — Cephalosporin Antibiotic

  • MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell-wall formation → bacterial death.

  • Indication: Open fractures; amputations.

  • Dose: Adult >50 kg: 2 g IV/IO. Age 9–14/30–50 kg: 1 g IV/IO.

  • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity/allergy to cephalosporins or penicillin.

Medication+Study+Sheet+2026.pdf

2. Lactated Ringers — Isotonic Crystalloid

  • MOA: Replaces water and electrolytes.

  • Indication: Hypovolemic shock, burns, dehydration.

  • Dose: No specific dose listed on your study sheet.

  • Contraindications: Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis, severe liver disease, anoxic states.


3. Ondansetron (Zofran) — Antiemetic

  • MOA: Blocks serotonin action.

  • Indication: Severe nausea/vomiting.

  • Dose: Adult: 4 mg IV/IO or ODT. Peds >6 months: 0.15 mg/kg, max 4 mg.

  • Contraindications: Sensitivity; caution with hypokalemia/hypomagnesemia, arrhythmias, GI obstruction, prolonged QT, liver disease.


4. Oxytocin — Pituitary Hormone

  • MOA: Stimulates uterine smooth muscle → increases uterine tone/contractions and controls bleeding.

  • Indication: Postpartum hemorrhage.

  • Dose: 10–20 units in 1,000 mL NS IV/IO wide open.

  • Contraindication: Ensure no additional fetus is present and placenta has been delivered.


5. Sodium Chloride (Normal Saline) — Isotonic Solution

  • MOA: Replaces water and electrolytes.

  • Indication: Heat exhaustion, diabetic disorders, freshwater drowning, head injury, hypovolemia.

  • Dose: Dependent on patient condition/situation.

  • Contraindications: Pulmonary congestion/edema, sensitivity.


6. Tetracaine 0.5% Ophthalmic — Local Anesthetic (Ester Group)

  • MOA: Blocks sodium channels → prevents neuronal impulses and produces corneal anesthesia.

  • Indication: Corneal abrasion/injury.

  • Dose: Adult: 2 drops in affected eye.

  • Contraindications: None listed.


7. Tranexamic Acid (TXA) — Coagulation Modifier / Antifibrinolytic

  • MOA: Inhibits fibrinolysis → prevents clot breakdown.

  • Indication: Traumatic bleeding.

  • Dose: 1 g in 100 mL NS over 10 min.

  • Contraindication: Do not use in the same IV/IO as blood products or penicillin.