Not seeking news directly: Individuals who do not actively look for news.
Feeling sufficiently informed without actively following the news: Individuals who perceive that they have enough knowledge of current events without engaging in deliberate news consumption.
Third-Person Perception
Definition:
The belief that other people are more influenced by media than I am. This psychological phenomenon leads individuals to think that they themselves are less affected by media messages compared to their peers.
Spiral of Silence
Definition:
Concept explaining how people who perceive their opinion as a minority view are more likely to remain silent in discussions to avoid social isolation. This can lead to a suppression of diverse opinions in public discourse.
Clark’s Model of Representation (4 Stages)
Stages Explained:
Nonrecognition: Groups are rarely depicted in media, leading to a lack of visibility.
Stereotyping: The portrayals of these groups are limited and rely on stereotypical representations.
Limited Diversity: Groups may appear more frequently but are primarily presented in traditional roles rather than diverse representations.
Full Representation: Groups are showcased in diverse and complex portrayals, reflecting a richer depiction of their experiences.
System 1 vs. System 2 Thinking
Definition of Systems:
System 1: Operates quickly and is guided by emotions and heuristics. This mode of thinking is automatic and often subconscious.
System 2: Functions slowly and is logical and analytical. This thinking requires deliberate effort and reasoning.
Upward vs. Downward Social Comparison
Definitions:
Upward Social Comparison: Comparing oneself to someone who is better off, often leading to feelings of inadequacy or dissatisfaction.
Downward Social Comparison: Comparing oneself to someone who is worse off, typically resulting in a boost in self-esteem and a better emotional state.
Reasons for Susceptibility to Misinformation
Factors Contributing to Susceptibility:
Motivated reasoning: Individuals interpret information in a way that aligns with their pre-existing beliefs, making them more open to misinformation that fits their narratives.
Classical reasoning: Engaging in reasoning that requires low cognitive effort, leading to a higher likelihood of accepting misleading information.
Media Multiplexity Theory
Theory Explanation:
The premise that stronger relationships utilize more media channels. The use of different media reflects the strength of relational ties, with various forms of media serving distinct purposes in relationships.
Hyperpersonal Model
Definition:
A model proposing that people tend to form idealized impressions of others online due to selective self-presentation, where individuals showcase the most favorable aspects of themselves.
Interpersonal vs. Parasocial Contact
Definitions:
Interpersonal Contact: Real-life, positive interactions between individuals that improve intergroup relations.
Parasocial Contact: Connections formed with media characters, which can improve attitudes toward the groups these characters represent, thus influencing perceptions and biases.
Predictors of News Finds Me
Key Factors:
Younger age: Younger individuals are more likely to experience NFM.
Heavy social media use: Greater engagement with social media correlates with NFM.
Low political interest: Individuals with minimal interest in politics tend to feel informed without active news engagement.
Low voting behavior: A lack of participation in voting is associated with a NFM mindset.
CASA Framework
Definition:
The Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) framework posits that individuals apply human social rules and stereotypes to interactions with computers and artificial intelligence (AI), treating them as social entities.
Most Used Social Media Platforms (U.S.)
Top Platforms:
YouTube: The leading platform in the U.S. for social media engagement.
Facebook: Highly utilized platform, though its popularity has been challenged by newer services.
Representation of Women in Movies
Finding: Women are reported to be slightly underrepresented as lead actors in the film industry, indicating ongoing disparities in gender representation.
Hostile Media Perception (Sports Study)
Definition:
Hostile Media Perception reflects how individuals perceive media coverage as biased against their views, particularly when associated with sports. This phenomenon is found to be weaker when the media source is aligned with one’s own viewpoint.