Intro TP
Page 1: Introduction to Pharmacology
Overview of pharmacology as a discipline that studies drugs and their effects on the body.
Page 2: Definitions
Drug: Any substance that causes a physiological change in the body.
Pharmacology: The study of medicine and its effects.
Pharmacotherapeutics: The application of drugs to treat diseases and improve health outcomes.
Page 3: Sources of Drugs
Plants: Provide various chemicals used in medications.
Animals / Humans: Utilize body fluids and glandular secretions.
Minerals: Play a role in wound healing.
Chemicals: Include synthetic substances created in laboratories.
Page 5: Major Sources of Drugs
Plants, Animals, Minerals, Chemicals; with plants being a prominent source.
Page 6: Names of Drugs
Chemical Name: Describes the drug's chemical structure.
Generic Name: Cheaper imitation of the brand name drug (e.g., ibuprofen).
Trade/Brand Name: Market name assigned by pharmaceutical companies (e.g., Motrin).
Page 7: Example of Drug Naming
Chemical Name: (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl) propanoic acid
Brand Name: Motrin, Advil, Nuprin
Generic Name: Ibuprofen
Chemical Name: 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo [4,3-α] [1,4] benzodiazepine
Brand Name: Xanax
Generic Name: Alprazolam
Page 8: Bactroban® Description
Brand: Bactroban, a mupirocin ointment for dermatologic use.
Composition: Each gram contains 20 mg mupirocin in a polyethylene glycol base.
Chemical Name: (E)-(2S,3R,4R,5S)-5-[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-2,3-Epoxy-5-hydroxy-4-methylhexyl)tetrahydro-3,4-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-crotonic acid, ester with 9-hydroxynonanoic acid.
Page 10: Cost of Drugs
The most expensive drugs to purchase are typically Trade followed by Chemical, then Generic.
Page 11: Types of Drug Therapy
Prescription Drugs: Require a doctor's order.
BTC (Behind the Counter): Restricted due to potential abuse.
Nonprescription Drugs: Available over-the-counter (OTC).
Controlled Drugs: Regulated by the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency).
Recreational Drugs: Street drugs that alter the level of consciousness (LOC).
Page 14: Characteristics of an Ideal Drug
Effective: Treats a specified condition.
Safe: Favorable risk-to-benefit ratio.
Selective: Target action in the body.
Reversible: Can be reversed with an antidote.
Predictable: Known side effects.
Free from Interactions: Limited adverse reactions with other drugs.
Affordable: Financially accessible.
Chemically Stable: Maintains shelf life quality.
Page 15: Sources of Drug Information
U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP): Sets drug standards.
National Formulary: Drug ingredients reference.
PDR (Physician's Desk Reference): Comprehensive drug info.
Nursing Drug Handbooks: Provide drug information specific for nursing care.
Internet: Verification of credibility required.
Pharmaceutical Companies: Offer handouts and resources about drugs.
Page 16: Laws and Legislative Acts in Pharmacology
1906: Pure Food and Drug Act
1938: Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
1952: Durham-Humphrey Amendment
1962: Kefauver-Harris Amendment
1970: Controlled Substance Act
1983: Orphan Drug Act
1997: FDA Modernization Act
Page 18: Regulatory Agencies
FDA: Regulates medicine and food products.
DEA: Monitors controlled substances.
CDC: Tracks disease threats.
ANA: Advocates for the nursing profession.
State Boards of Nursing: Establish standards for nursing practice.
Page 19: Side Effects and ADRs
Black Box Warning: Highest level of warning from the FDA.
Risks of combining opioids with CNS depressants can lead to severe adverse effects including sedation and respiratory depression.
Page 20: Development of New Drugs
Preclinical Research: Laboratory testing prior to human trials.
Phase 1: Clinical trials begin with healthy volunteers.
Phase 2: Trials performed with patients having the disease.
Phase 3: Larger cohort testing.
Postmarket Surveillance: Ongoing monitoring for long-term effects.
Page 21: Rights of Medication Administration
Right Patient: Verify name and DOB.
Right Medication: Double-check for look-alikes.
Right Dose: Confirm safe dosage range.
Right Time: Administer based on drug's half-life.
Right Route: Confirm appropriate administration method.
Page 25: Additional Responsibilities in Drug Administration
Assessment: Collect relevant data.
Documentation: Include name, dose, route, date/time, and patient response.
Education: Provide necessary medication information.
Evaluation: Determine effectiveness; document refusals with education on risks.
Page 27: Medication Errors Prevention
High Alert Medications: Inherent risk involved.
Strategies to prevent errors include:
Awareness of sound-alike/look-alike medications.
Use of Tall Man lettering.
Page 28: The Nursing Process
Assessment: Identify patient needs.
Diagnosis: Evaluate conditions/needs.
Planning: Develop care strategies.
Intervention: Execute nursing care plans.
Evaluation: Assess outcomes of care.