New York State P-12 Science Learning Standards

HS. Structure and Properties of Matter

• Use the periodic table to predict element properties based on electron patterns.
• Investigate to compare substance structure to infer electrical force strength between particles.
• Develop models to show nucleus composition changes and energy released during fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.
• Communicate why particulate-level structure is important in designed materials.
• Analyze data to support the combined gas law's relationships among volume, pressure, and temperature for ideal gases.
• Use evidence to support claims about solution formation, properties, and behaviors at bulk scales.

Science and Engineering Practices

• Modeling: Develop/use models to predict relationships between systems/components.
• Investigations: Plan/conduct investigations to produce data for evidence and refine designs.
• Data Analysis: Analyze data to make claims or determine optimal solution.
• Argumentation: Evaluate claims, evidence, and reasoning.
• Communication: Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information in multiple formats.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• PS1.A: Matter consists of atoms with charged substructures (nucleus & electrons).
  • Periodic table arranges elements by proton number with similar properties in columns, reflecting outer electron states.
  • Bulk scale structure determined by electrical forces.
  • Ideal gas model explains gas behavior at low pressure and high temperature.
  • Solutions have characteristic properties.
• PS1.C: Nuclear Processes involve energy release/absorption; neutron + proton number conserved.
• PS2.B: Electric charge attraction/repulsion explains matter structure, properties, transformations and contact forces.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Patterns: Observed at different scales; provide evidence for causality.
• Energy and Matter: Total protons + neutrons conserved in nuclear processes.
• Structure and Function: Detailed examination of material properties reveals function to solve a problem.

HS. Chemical Reactions

• Explain chemical reactions based on outermost electron states, periodic table trends, and chemical properties patterns.
• Develop a model illustrating how energy release/absorption depends on total bond energy changes.
• Apply scientific principles to explain how physical/chemical change rates are affected by varied conditions.
• Refine chemical system design by specifying condition changes to increase product amounts at equilibrium using Le Chatelier’s Principle.
• Use mathematical representations to support that atoms and mass are conserved during chemical reactions.
• Plan and conduct an investigation to compare properties and behaviors of acids and bases.
• Use evidence to illustrate electron transfer in chemical reactions involving energy conversion.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Periodic table reflects outer electron states.
• Stable molecules have less energy than separated atoms.
• Atoms are conserved; chemical properties describe/predict reactions.
• Chemical process rates depend on particle collisions/rearrangements and bond energy changes.
• Dynamic balance between reactions determines particle numbers.
• Acids/bases important in daily life.
• Oxidation-reduction reactions drive modern conveniences.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Patterns observed at different scales.
• Total energy/matter is conserved.
• Energy/matter changes are described by flows within a system.
• Stability and Change: Science explains change and stability.

HS. Forces and Interactions

• Analyze data to support Newton’s Second Law relating net force, mass, and acceleration.
• Use math to support total momentum conservation in a system with no net force.
• Design/refine a device minimizing force on a macroscopic object during collision.
• Use math of Newton’s Gravitation & Coulomb’s Law to describe/predict gravitational & electrostatic forces.
• Investigate electric current producing magnetic field & vice versa.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Newton's Second Law accurately predicts motion changes.
• Momentum is mass times velocity in a reference frame.
• System momentum changes are balanced by changes outside the system.
• Gravitation and Coulomb's Law model gravitational and electrostatic forces.
• Fields explain forces at a distance; magnets/currents cause magnetic fields; electric charges/changing magnetic fields cause electric fields.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Patterns at different scales inform causality.
• Cause and effect needs empirical evidence.
• Systems designed for desired effect.
• System Model: Boundaries and initial conditions need defining.

HS. Energy

• Create a model to calculate energy change in a system component when other components' changes are known.
• Develop models showing macroscopic energy as a combination of particle motion and relative position.
• Design a device converting one energy form to another within constraints.
• Investigate thermal energy transfer in a closed system leading to uniform distribution.
• Develop a model of two objects interacting through electric/magnetic fields.
• Analyze data supporting Ohm’s Law for electric circuits.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Energy is a quantitative property dependent on motion and interactions; total energy is conserved.
• Macroscopic energy appears as motion, sound, light, thermal energy.
• Relationships are understood better at microscopic scale.
• Energy transfer means total change equals energy in or out.
• Expressions quantify stored energy and kinetic energy.
• Availability limits system events.
• Uncontrolled systems evolve to stable states with uniform energy distribution.
• Electrical power and energy can be determined for circuits.
• Field changes relative position changes energy stored in the same field.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Each scale have different patterns.
• Cause and effect can be predicted for complex systems.
• Initial inputs and outputs need to be defined.

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

• Use mathematical equations showing the relationships among period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves.
• Evaluate digital transmission and storage as beneficial or disadvantageous.
• Evaluate electromagnetic radiation with wave and quantum model
• Evaluate that different frequencies have effects when absorbed by matter
• Technical information regarding wave interactions with matter of various technologies.
• Math equations for images of different lenses sizes.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Wavelength and frequency are related to the wave's transmission speed that affect the type of wave.
• Digitalized information can be used and sent across vast locations through pulses.
• Adding waves together depend on position of troughs (Quality only)
• Image size of focal distance depends on other object's parameters
• Electromagnetic radiation are photons.
• Photoelectric radiation emits electrons given the materials have high frequency.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Each scale have different patterns.
• Cause and effect determines whether to show empirical evidence in claims.

HS. Structure and Function

• Construct an explanation of how DNA determines protein structure, allowing cells to perform life functions.
• Show organisms functions by water deliver with immune response
• Evidence for mechanism in Homestasis

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Cell systems perform live functions.
• Genes of DNA codes for proteins.
• Levels of interaction in body
• Feed back mechanism that help keep organisms internal

Crosscutting Concepts

• energy and matter.
• structure function.
• Stability and change

HS. Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

• Model photosynthesis with light with matter and light energy.
• Matter and energy form chemical formulas
• Model that cell respiration is a chemical and energy transferred
• revise carbon between cycles.
• model of the processes and cycles.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

That chemical energy can yield carbon and water for oxygen.
Different systems may have interacting with each other.
Cellular respiration provides ATP to live.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Different systems and different models.
• Interactions from energy matter flow.

HS. Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

• Use mathematical equations of biotic and abiotic to give affects.
• Use equations to biodiversity across many populations
• Claims that ecosystem change give many different outcomes.
• Refine the solution of human activity and evaluate it.
• Evaluate claims that help give survive and help reproduce.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

Hazards depend on the different organisms and ecosystems.
Increase chances if its a group.

Crosscutting Concepts

• The scale proportion changes with empirical evidence.
• Stable situations.

HS. Inheritance and Variation of Traits

• How cell division and diffrentiation is being model.
• Role of DNA and chromosomes.
• defend a claim about a genetic violation.
• Apply concept of probably to explain distribution
• How human relation maintains its life.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Systems of specialized cells.
• Human reproduction system give gamilies to produce more.
• That DNA makes more genetic creation.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Scale.
• Empirical changes.
• How a model and system works.

HS. Natural Selection and Evolution

• Common ancestors and support the revolution.
• The evolution from major factors.
• trait tend to be very helpful, or harmful.
• specific differences of biotic and abiotic causes affect the gen change.
• changes in Enviromental conditions

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Variation comes from genetic code.
• Factors that produce revolution.
• That there is different change based one certain aspects.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Scientific law must apply to both past and the future.
• Empirical evidence is required to support them.

HS. Space Systems

• Model on sun's radiation for earth to obtain radiation.
• Explain Big Bang via astronomical evidence and light.
• Way starts produces
• motion of oribts
• Explains cycleties of moon phasees..

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Sun changed light and spectrums for other stars
• Big ban is being used for radiation that were present.

Cross cutting concepts

• Pattern changes
• Algebraic system used in scientific data

HS. History of the Earth

• The earth changed over different periods of times.
• Apply different source of meteorite data, and surfaces.
• Interior and surface operated at different scales.

Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Older stones vs newer rocks.
• Constant recycle that come from the surface

Crosscutting COncepts:

• Empirical evidence
• How long some system stay stable

HS. Earth's Systems:

• Data that changes by changing the environment to cause feedback.
  -Earth has radial layers and a three dimension where tectonic are involved.
  -Plan and conduct by water effects
  -Model a carbon cycle.

HS. Weather and climate

-describe the flow of energy on earth on our climates.
-the use of data models, to make estimates on weather conditions.
-air, airmasses and the effect that it makes in our daily lives and interactions

Disciplinary core idea

-sun rotation on the different areas.
-energy with high and low.

Human Sustainability.

• the constant of nature effects human kind.
• design and value to manage the resouces and energy, and how important there are.
  -relationships and sustainability for people.
  -reduce harmful problems
• human modifies the relaiton ships

Engineereing Design.

Analyze and create problems for quantitative and qualitative reasons

• design and divide them into smaller components to test there skills and test it.
  -evaluate with critera and reasons, costs, reliability, saftey, and aesthetics.
  -simulation is used to fix the impact design with models.