AP Human Geography Unit 3
Adherent: a group of people who are loyal to a belief, religion, organization, or idea
Artifact: objects and technology that a certain group of people makes through culture
centrifugal force: a force that pulls a group of people apart
centripetal force: a force that brings people together
Culture: the beliefs, core values, practices, behaviors, and technologies
shared by a group of people and passed down throughout generations
cultural landscape: a natural landscape that has been altered by humans to express their cultural beliefs and values
cultural norm: the universally accepted standards and patterns of behavior in a group of people
cultural relativism: when an ethnic group assesses solely based on its unique standards
cultural trait: a material object, specific behavior, belief, or custom shared by a group of people
Denomination: a subdivision of a branch that unites people of a certain region together
Dialect: a unique variation of a language that is specific to a particular geographical area
Ethnicity: the act of belonging to a certain group of people who share common cultural and characteristics
ethnic neighborhood: cultural landscapes within the place of their origin
Ethnocentrism: when one ethnic group evaluates another ethnic group through preconceived ideas, forming opinions about the other ethnic group. Ex: white supremacy
gender identity: how a person personally identifies themselves; may the same or different from assigned birth sex
gendered space: when society strictly controls male and female roles
Gentrification: a process where lower class neighborhoods become more wealthy due to higher income people making changes
Identity: how humans uniquely make sense of themselves and how they want others to make sense of them
Language: a verbal form of human communication that carries human thoughts and cultural identities
Mentifact: the main elements of a specific culture that show its central ideas, values, knowledge and beliefs.
Pilgrimage: an expedition taken to reach a holy place for spiritual reasons
Placemaking:
popular culture: the universally accepted behaviors, beliefs, and practices of common people in a society at any given time
postmodern architecture: architecture that emphasizes form, structure, and materials and is more diverse than traditional architecture
Religion: a system of spiritual beliefs that form ideas and values in a culture.
safe space: a space that people of all identities are welcomed and accepted
Sect: a small group in a denomination
sense of place: the subjective feelings and memories a person associates with a place
sequent occupance: the idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprints, which helps influence future cultural landscapes
Sociofact: the social structures and organizations that shape social behavior
third place: a communal place that is separated from home or work where individuals develop a sense of self (like a second home)
Toponym: (place names) helps define how a place is different from another
traditional architecture: building styles that come from different cultures, religions, and places
traditional culture: long established behaviors, beliefs, and practices that have been established throughout generations and passed down through the years
CH.7
Acculturation: when one culture adopts cultural traits from another culture while still retaining elements of their own distinct culture
Assimilation: a category of acculturation in which one culture adopts almost all the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of another country.
collectivist culture: when a culture expects members to conform to one responsibility within the family
contagious diffusion: when an idea or cultural trait spreads adjacently, regarding of social class
Creolization: when people incorporate elements, beliefs, or values from an incoming or conquering culture and endow them with new meanings
cultural appropriation: when you adopt elements from another culture
cultural convergence: as cultures interact with each other, they become more similar and being sharing ideas, innovations, and other cultural traits
cultural divergence: conflicting or opposite beliefs cause two cultures to become less similar
cultural hearth: the original location of a cultural trait
Diffusion: when a cultural trait spreads to different places over time
expansion diffusion: how cultural traits spread in ways other than people moving
hierarchical diffusion: the spread of a cultural trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places of a lower class
lingua franca: a common language used among speakers of different languages, often as citizens of a conquered country adopt the language of their conqueror.
Multiculturalism: when diverse cultures coexist within one shared space
relocation diffusion: when cultural traits appear in an area because of people migrating to the area
stimulus diffusion: the idea behind a cultural trait stimulates the innovation of a cultural trait or new cultural trait
Syncretism: when two or more cultural traits combine to form a new custom, idea, value, or practice
CH.8
Buddhism: the oldest universal religion that arose from a hearth in northeastern India between the mid-sixth and mid-fourth centuries b.c.e.
Christianity: the largest religion today; started in Israel around the start of the common era
ethnic religion: religions tied with a certain ethnic region
Hinduism: a religion mostly clustered around Southeast Asia; originated around 1500 BC
Islam: the second largest religion; originated in the cities of Mecca and Medina in present day Saudi Arabia on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century
Isolate: a language that doesn’t belong to a specific language family
Judaism: originated in Israel and present day Lebanon; Abrahamic religion
language branch: a group of languages within a family that are from the same location of origin, separated from other branches several thousand years ago
language family: the biggest group of related languages
language group: groups of languages with a branch that share common vocabulary
Secularized: when a person doesn’t follow a specific religion but identifies with that religion because of cultural race or ethnicity
Sikhism: a religion found mainly in the Punjab region of India; founded by Guru Nanak, who lived from 1469 to 1539, in the Punjab region of Northwestern India
universalizing religion: a religion that attempts to appeal to everybody, regardless or location, language or ethnicity