WH - Mod 5

Iliad - tells the story of the Trojan War

Mt. Olympus - the mountain Zeus lived on

R✔️ (149): In what ways did Greece's location by the sea and its mountainous land affect its development? - The uneven terrain made transportation difficult, a lot of land was stony, therefore it couldn't be farmed on, and there wasn't a lot of fresh water. All of this caused Greece to not support as big a population.

R✔️ (151): How did contact with the Minoans affect Mycenaean culture? - The Mycenaeans branched out to seaborne trade, adopted the Minoan writing language, and decorated vases with Minoan prints.

Polis - the Greek term for a city-state, became a key governing tool

Agora - the Greek term for marketplace

Acropolis - a fortified hilltop where citizens gathered to discuss government

Monarchy - where a single person rules over everything

How did the climate of ancient Greece affect Greek civilization?

The temperatures supported outdoor life for the Greeks and they all took part in an active lifestyle.

Mycenaeans

people who settled on the Greek mainland

Arable

a term meaning that a piece of land is good for farming

Trojan War

a war against the Mycenaeans and Troy. A prince from Troy kidnapped Helen, the wife of the Greek king, therefore starting the war.

Aretê - a term meaning virtue and excellence

Dorians - a group of people that moved into the war-torn countryside

Homer - known as the greatest storyteller

Epics - narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds

Myths - traditional stories used to teach a lesson

Polyphemus - a cyclops who appears in Homer's epic - The Odyssey

Theogony - an epic written by Hesiod

Zeus - the ruler of Gods

Aristocracy - a government run by a small group of noble, landowning families

Oligarchy - a government run by a few powerful people

Tyrants - people who seized control of the government

Democracy - a government ruled by the people

Helots - peasants forced to stay on the land they worked on

Hoplites - the foot soldiers of the army

Phalanx - a formation soldiers used

Persian Wars - the wars between Greece and Persia, started in Ionia

Messenians - became Helots when Sparta conquered their region, Messenia

Draco - developed the first steps to democracy

Solon - developed the most far-reaching democratic reforms

Cleisthenes - an Athenian leader that introduced further reforms

Marathon - a plain northeast of Athens where the Persian Wars were fought

Pheidippides - a man who brought news of the Persian defeat

Xerxes - Darius the Great's son and successor, made a plan to destroy Athens

Thermopylae - the location of a narrow mountain pass

Themistocles - an Athenian leader

Salamis - an island southwest of Athens, where Athens placed their fleet

Plataea - a battle where the Greeks crushed the Persian army

Delian League - an alliance between several Greek city-states

How did Athens benefit from the victory of the persian wars? - With the Persians defeated, Greece overall felt more powerful and free.

How might the ability to own weapons change the outlook of ordinary citizens? - The cheaper weapons caused normal citizens to become more threatening, as they could now protect themselves.

Direct Democracy - a form of government where citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Peloponnesian War - a war between Sparta and Athens

What steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens? - Pericles started paying government officials, which made more people want to get involved.

Parthenon - the center build in Athens

Phidias - a sculpture who created the sculpture of Athena, a Greek goddess

Classical art - the value of proportion, harmoney, order, and balance when it comes to art

Lyric poetry - a lyrical poem that deals with emotions and desires rather than stories

Pindar - a lyric poet

Hesiod - a poet who wrote about Greek Gods and peasants

Sappho - one of the first poets to gain fame from lyric poetry

Tragedy - a type of play, it was normally about love, hate, war, or betrayal, never has a happy ending

Hubris - excessive pride, was often the flaw in heroes in plays

Aeschylus - a playwright, he wrote over 80 plays

Sophocles - a playwright who wrote over 100 plays

Euripides - a playwright, featured strong women in his works

Comedy - a type a play, filled with humor, mostly made fun of politics at the time

Herodotus - a man who lived in Athens who kept accurate recordings of what happened

Xenophon - an early Greek historian, also a soldier an philosopher

Philosophers - Greek thinkers who tried to seek the truth, "lovers of wisdom"

Protagoras - a notable Sophist, questioned the existence of Greek Gods

Socrates - believed that standards for truth and justice existed

Plato - a student of the Socrates

Aristotle - a philosopher that questioned the nature of the world

Thucydides - a philosopher that believed certain events repeated themselves

Sophists - questioned people's beliefs on truth and justice

The Republic - Plato's most famous work

R✔️ (170): What steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens? - Greek art was taken very seriously. Most sculptures were composed without any facial expressions.

Philip II - a king who dreamed of controlling Greece

Macedonia - a kingdom located north of Greece

Demosthenes - an Athenian who tried to warn the Greeks of Philip's army

Chaeronea - a battle that the Macedonians defeated Greece in

Alexander the Great - Phillips' successor and became known as Alexander the Great because of his accomplishments over the course of 13 years

Bucephalus - the horse that Alexander tamed when he was 8 or 9

The Granicus River - where Alexander and the Persians met up to fight

Darius III - the Persian king

Issus - the battlefield where the Persians and the Greeks fought

Gaugamela - a small village where the Persians and Greeks fought another battle

The Hydaspes River - where Alexander the Great won another battle against the Indians

Antigonus - Alexander's successor and an old Macedonian general

Ptolemy - an old Macedonian general who seized Egypt, became Pharaoh and established a dynasty

Seleucus - old Macedonian general that took most of the old Persian empire

Hellenistic culture - Greek culture that merged with the Egyptians, the Persians, and the Indians

Koine - a popular language spoken in Hellenistic cities

Alexandria - an Egyptian city that became the commerce of Hellenistic civilization

The Pharos - an enormous lighthouse in Alexandria

The museum in Alexandria - dedicated to the Greek gods/goddesses, arts, and sciences. It was one of Alexandria's biggest attractions

Aristarchus - an astronomer that estimated that the sun was 300x larger than Earth and that the Earth revolved around the sun instead of the sun revolving around the Earth

Euclid - a highly regarded mathematician in Alexandria

Archimedes - a student at Alexandria who accurately estimated the value of pi

Hipparchus - an astronomer who charted 850 star

Eratosthenes - the director of the Alexandrian Library. He also tried to calculate Earth's true size

Zeno - a philosopher who founded a school called Stoicism

The Colossus of Rhodes - the largest known Hellenistic statue. It was made on the island of Rhodes

Elements - Euclid's best known book, contained 465 geometry proofs, which is still the basis for courses in geometry

Epicurus - a philosopher who founded a school that taught Epicureanism, believed that the only real objects were those that the 5 senses perceived

What did Stoicism and Epicureanism have in common? - Both teachings want to achieve harmony. Stoicism wants to achieve harmony with God, while Epicureanism wants to achieve harmony with the body and mind

What do you think was the greatest scientific advancement of the Hellenistic period? Why? - I think all of the astronomy involved with the Hellenistic period was the most important part. Knowing what's around our world and how big our world really is is something important to me.

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