unit 10

Building of Body Cells and Tissues: Essential for cell structure and growth.
Transportation: Transfers nutrients, electrolytes, and oxygen to cells.
Waste Removal: Carries waste products away from cells.
Temperature Regulation: Helps maintain body temperature.
Joint Lubrication: Provides lubrication for joints and membranes.
Digestion: Acts as a medium for food breakdown.

Body Part/System	Fluid Volume Deficit	Fluid Volume Excess
Eyes	Sunken, dry conjunctivae, decreased tearing	Periorbital edema, blurred vision, papilledema
Mouth	Sticky, dry mucous membranes, cracked lips	Increased saliva viscosity, shrunken tongue
Skin	Increased skin temperature, dry skin, poor turgor	Edema, anasarca
Cardiovascular	Tachycardia, weak pulse, hypotension	Bounding pulses, distended neck veins
Gastrointestinal	Sunken abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea	Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Renal	Oliguria or anuria; increased urine specific gravity	Decreased urine specific gravity, diuresis

Solution: Mixture of solutes in a solvent.
Osmosis: Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure: The pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water.
Osmolality: Solute concentration typically measured by weight of solvent, indicating body’s fluid balance.
Tonicity: Relative solute concentration in solutions affecting fluid diffusion between compartments.

Definitions:
- Substances that dissociate into ions when in solution.
- Ions: Charged particles;
- Cations: Positively charged ions (e.g., Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+).
- Anions: Negatively charged ions (e.g., Cl-, PO4³-, HCO3-).

K+: Main intracellular cation; critical for muscle and nerve transmission, normal cardiac rhythms, acid-base balance.
Na+: Main extracellular cation; regulates water distribution and nerve impulses.
Ca²+: Important for nerve transmission, muscle contractions, and blood clotting.
Mg²+: Coenzyme in metabolism, maintains cardiac function.

Cl-: Major extracellular anion; maintains acid-base and water balance; involved in gastric acid secretion.
PO4³-: Major intracellular anion; crucial for muscle and nerve function, bone formation, and energy production (ATP).

Subjective Data: Medical history, current symptoms, diet, and elimination patterns.
Objective Data: Physical examination and lab results including vital signs and electrolyte levels.

Oral Replacement: For mild imbalances, includes water and electrolyte solutions.
IV Replacement: Necessary for more severe imbalances.

Indications: Used to correct fluid and electrolyte balance, administer medications, and provide nutrition.
- IV Fluids: Treat hypovolemia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances; used in various medical conditions.

Isotonic Solutions: Equal solute concentration to blood; used for fluid replacement.
Hypotonic Solutions: Lower solute concentration; causes fluid shift into cells.
Hypertonic Solutions: Higher solute concentration; draws fluid out of cells.

Infiltration: Leakage of IV fluids into surrounding tissue.
- Signs: Swelling, pain, and decreased flow rate.
Extravasation: Leakage of harmful drug into surrounding tissue; may cause pain, blistering, and tissue damage.
Phlebitis: Inflammation of the vein, causing discomfort and redness.
Infection: Introduction of microorganisms leading to site infection.
Fluid Overload: Excess fluid administration causing respiratory distress and edema.

Acknowledge physiological changes affecting absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of medications; monitor closely for polypharmacy risks.

Topical Admin: Applied to skin/mucous membranes, minimal side effects, quick absorption, can have systemic effects.

Absorbed through rectal mucosa for local or systemic effects; contraindicated in certain conditions.

Document immediately after administration, noting patient response, dose, time, route, and any relevant nurse’s notes.