Anatomy and Physiology: Key Concepts

Course Overview

  • Review syllabus and course expectations.
  • Understand anatomical terms, body planes, and organ systems.

Directional Terms

  • Superior: Above
  • Inferior: Below
  • Anterior (Ventral): Front
  • Posterior (Dorsal): Back
  • Medial: Middle
  • Lateral: Side
  • Proximal: Closer to attachment
  • Distal: Away from attachment
  • Superficial: Surface
  • Deep: Internal

Planes of the Body

  • Sagittal: Left & right sections.
  • Mid-sagittal: Equal left & right sections.
  • Frontal (Coronal): Anterior & posterior sections.
  • Transverse: Superior & inferior sections.
  • Oblique: Sections at an angle.

Regional Anatomy

  • Anatomic names (examples):
    • Axillary: Armpit
    • Brachial: Arm
    • Cervical: Neck
    • Femoral: Thigh
  • Understanding body regions helps in identifying organs.

Body Cavities

  • Dorsal Cavity:
    • Cranial (Brain)
    • Vertebral (Spinal column)
  • Ventral Cavity:
    • Thoracic (Heart, lungs)
    • Abdominopelvic (Abdominal and pelvic contents)

Organ Systems

  • Integumentary: Skin
  • Skeletal: Bones
  • Muscular: Muscle types
  • Nervous: CNS & PNS
  • Endocrine: Hormone glands
  • Cardiovascular: Heart & vessels
  • Lymphatic: Lymphatic tissues & vessels
  • Respiratory: Airway & lungs
  • Digestive: GI tract
  • Urinary: Waste elimination
  • Reproductive: Male & female organs

Homeostasis

  • Balance in internal environment despite changes.
  • Maintained by Nervous and Endocrine systems.

Feedback Systems

  • Components:
    • Receptor: Detects changes.
    • Control Center: Interprets info.
    • Effector: Carries out responses.
  • Negative Feedback: Reverses stimulus.
  • Positive Feedback: Reinforces stimulus.

Cell Anatomy

  • Components of a typical cell:
    • Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable.
    • Nucleus: Contains DNA.
    • Mitochondria: Produces ATP.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein/lipid synthesis.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.

Cell Cycle

  • Stages:
    • Interphase: G1, S, G2 phases.
    • Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
  • Result: Two identical daughter cells.