Portuguese Vocabulary Review from Video Notes (English definitions)

Page 1 - Currencies (Portuguese-speaking regions):

Brasil (Brazil): Real; $1$ USD

$\approx$

$5$ reais. From transcript: $1$ USD and $5$ reais.

Portugal: Euro (EUR).
Cabo Verde: Escudo (CV escudo).
Angola: Kwanzas (Kz).
Moçambique (Mozambique): Metical (meticais). Transcript also mentions the code MT/Variações: MT.
University/identity-related terms appearing on the page: identidade, Identitade, Personalidade, Fidelidade. These map to Identity, Personality, Fidelity.
Other academic topics listed (likely subject areas or map of study): Biologia, Plantas, Matemática, Psicologia, História, Geografia. Also names/entities like Freud, Napoleão, e.g., Psicologia, Geografia.
Miscellaneous words: a few broken/mixed terms (e.g., “BEETTI PETES”) appear garbled; focus on recognizable vocabulary items above.

Page 2 - Profissões (professions) and fields of study:

Engenharia (Engineering) - Computação (Computer Science/Computação) - Astronáutica (Astronautics) / Astronautico - Medicina (Medicine) - Enfermagem (Nursing) - Advocacia (Law) / Advogacia - Física (Physics) - Química (Chemistry) - Economia (Economics) - Ciências (Sciences) - Engenheiro/a; Médico/a; Dentista; Enfermeiro/a; Advogado/a; Economista; Administrador/a; Piloto; Copiloto
Frases about courses:
- “Qual é o seu curso preferido?” = “What is your preferred course?”
- “My preferred course is …” (to complete with the student’s answer).
Real-world relevance: vocational choices, alignment of interests with professions.

Page 3 - Descrições de cursos e opinião:

“Qual curso é interessante?” = “Which course is interesting?”
“Qual curso é chato/difícil/fácil” with adjectives:
- chato = boring/uninteresting
- difícil = difficult
- fácil = easy
Verb “Gostar” and preposition usage:
- Gostar de [infinitive noun/verb] = to like something/doing something; e.g., “Gosto de Química” (I like Chemistry), “Gosto de correr” (I like running).
- This "de" is crucial and often required with "gostar." Many other verbs also require specific prepositions, e.g., "precisar de" (to need something), "falar com" (to speak with).
- Conjugation snippet (present, indicative):
- Eu gosto; Nós gostamos; Tu gostas; Ele/Ela gosta; Você gosta; Eles/Elas gostam.
- Example: “Gosto de pizza” = I like pizza.
- Emphasizing degree: “eu gosto muito de você” (I really like you).
- Note on negation: “Não gosto de …” = I don’t like …

Page 4 - Verb/vocabulary set for everyday activities:

Gosto/Gostar de: to like; examples with activities.
Correr, Correr = run; Exercitar = exercise; Viajar = travel; Pipoca = popcorn (vocabulary item).
Futebol, Futebol Americano = Football (soccer in many contexts vs. American football).
Places and actions:
- Na biblioteca = in the library; livraria = book store; Estudam = they study; Pesquisam = they research; Tomam notas = they take notes.
Weekend question:
- “O que fazer no fim de semana?” = What to do over the weekend?
Dicionário: grand édico de português; examples of numbers and money: "Noventa reais" = ninety reais.
Study planning prompts:
- “O que você estuda este semestre?” = What do you study this semester?
- “Quantos cursos você tem?” = How many courses do you take?

Page 5 - Subject pronouns overview and Past Tense (Pretérito):

Singular and plural pronouns: eu, você, ele/ela, nós, vós (less common), vocês (formal/plural "you").
Formal vs informal: senhor/senhora (Mr./Ms./Sir/Madam) as formal second-person forms, always conjugated in the third person singular.
Past Tenses in Portuguese:
- Pretérito Perfeito Simples (Simple Past - Completed Actions): Used for actions that were completed at a specific point in the past.
- Regular -ar verbs (e.g., Falar - to speak):
  - Eu falei (I spoke)
  - Tu falaste (You spoke - informal)
  - Ele/Ela/Você falou (He/She/You spoke)
  - Nós falamos (We spoke)
  - Vocês/Eles/Elas falaram (You all/They spoke)
- Regular -er verbs (e.g., Comer - to eat):
  - Eu comi (I ate)
  - Tu comeste (You ate - informal)
  - Ele/Ela/Você comeu (He/She/You ate)
  - Nós comemos (We ate)
  - Vocês/Eles/Elas comeram (You all/They ate)
- Regular -ir verbs (e.g., Abrir - to open):
  - Eu abri (I opened)
  - Tu abriste (You opened - informal)
  - Ele/Ela/Você abriu (He/She/You opened)
  - Nós abrimos (We opened)
  - Vocês/Eles/Elas abriram (You all/They opened)
- Pretérito Imperfeito (Imperfect Past - Ongoing/Habitual Actions or Descriptions in the Past): Used for actions that were habitual, ongoing, or used to describe a state in the past without a clear beginning or end.
- Regular -ar verbs (e.g., Falar):
  - Eu falava (I used to speak/was speaking)
  - Tu falavas (You used to speak/were speaking)
  - Ele/Ela/Você falava (He/She/You used to speak/was speaking)
  - Nós falávamos (We used to speak/were speaking)
  - Vocês/Eles/Elas falavam (You all/They used to speak/were speaking)
- Regular -er verbs (e.g., Comer):
  - Eu comia (I used to eat/was eating)
  - Tu comias (You used to eat/were speaking)
  - Ele/Ela/Você comia (He/She/You used to eat/was eating)
  - Nós comíamos (We used to eat/were eating)
  - Vocês/Eles/Elas comiam (You all/They used to eat/were eating)
- Regular -ir verbs (e.g., Abrir):
  - Eu abria (I used to open/was opening)
  - Tu abrias (You used to open/were opening)
  - Ele/Ela/Você abria (He/She/You used to open/was opening)
  - Nós abríamos (We used to open/were opening)
  - Vocês/Eles/Elas abriam (You all/They used to open/were opening)
Miscellany: “Mina” (woman) mentioned as usage guidance (likely how to refer to a woman informally).

Page 6 - Regular -ar verbs (three groups conceptually, though text focuses on -ar here):

FALAR (to say, to speak):
- Eu falo; Tu falas; Ele/Ela fala; Nós falamos; Vocês falam; Eles/Elas falam.
Cantar (to sing); Andar (to walk); Morar (to live); Ficar (to stay / be located / to get)
Example forms in the text include: Eu falo, Tu falas, Você fala, Nós falamos, Elas falam, etc.
GOSTAR (to like) – irregular in the sense of subject and object:
- Eu gosto; Nós gostamos; Eles gostam; Você gosta; etc.
Localizations: algumas frases sobre cadetes e USAFA (United States Air Force Academy) and cadets living in USAFA; “Onde ficam as cadetes” / “Onde fica a aula de português?” (where are the cadets; where is the Portuguese class).

Page 7 - Common verbs and phrases and Agreement:

Achar = find/think; Eu acho interessante (I think/feel it’s interesting).
Chegar = to arrive/to reach; Encontrar (to find); Gostar de (to like); Precisar (to need); Procurar (to seek/procure).
Vocês procuram uma livraria = You (plural) look for a bookstore.
Geography/military reference: Cadetes moram na USAFA (Cadets live at the USAFA).
Grammar notes: Noun, Adjective, and Determiner Agreement
- Singular vs plural nouns; masculine vs feminine.
- Masculine nouns typically end in -o or -os; feminine end in -a or -as.
- All elements that refer to a noun (articles, adjectives, demonstratives, possessives) must agree in both gender and number with that noun.
- Examples: um livro interessante (a book interesting - masculine singular), uma estudante inteligente (a student intelligent - feminine singular), os livros interessantes (the interesting books - masculine plural), as estudantes inteligentes (the intelligent students - feminine plural).

Page 8 - Noun gender and endings (basic Rules) and Notable Exceptions:

Masculine: nouns ending in -o or -os (e.g., o livro, os cadernos).
Feminine: nouns ending in -a or -as (e.g., a mesa, as mesas).
Key Exceptions and Special Cases for Noun Gender:
- Masculine nouns ending in -a: e.g., o mapa (map), o dia (day), o problema (problem), o sistema (system), o clima (climate), o poema (poem), o programa (program), o planeta (planet), o telegrama (telegrama).
- Feminine nouns ending in -o: e.g., a foto (photo - short for "fotografia"), a moto (motorcycle - short for "motocicleta").
- Nouns ending in -agem are usually feminine: e.g., a viagem (trip), a paisagem (landscape), a mensagem (message).
- Nouns ending in -e: Can be either masculine or feminine. Often needs to be memorized or context-dependent (e.g., o dente (tooth), a chave (key), o leite (milk), a carne (meat), a morte (death)).
- Nouns ending in -ão: Can be masculine (o pão - bread, o coração - heart, o avião - plane) or feminine (a mão - hand, a estação - station, a lição - lesson). Plural formation can vary (-ões, -ãos, -ães).
- Nouns ending in -dade or -ade are feminine: e.g., a cidade (city), a universidade (university), a saudade (longing).
Additional notes: “Boa”/“Feminine” and references to noun endings and number agreement.

Page 9 - Indefinite vs definite articles and noun specificity:

Uns/umas = some (plural indefinite) vs um/uma = a/an (singular).
Vocabulary (examples):
- Cachorros = dogs; Uns cachorros = some dogs.
- Sapatos = shoes; Uns sapatos = some shoes.
- Cinema, clima, problema, sofá, cara, carne, colher (spoon), chave (key), foto (photo), noite (night), leite (milk), mapa (map).
Patterns to note:
- Gender and number must agree with adjectives and determiners (eller segue o/ a; os/ as).

Page 10 - Prepositions and places (Expanded Usage):

Em = in/on/at (context-dependent in Portuguese, often contracted with articles: no/na/nos/nas).
A = to (direction) when used with verbs like ir (to go). Contracts with feminine defined article a forming à (e.g., a + a = à).
A frase: Eles vão ao jogo de futebol = They’re going to the football game (ao = a + o).
Eu vou à biblioteca = I am going to the library (à = a + a).
Basic spatial-time phrasing: For place and time references, use em, a, no, na, etc.
Other Essential Prepositions and Their Common Uses:
- De:
- Possession/Origin: O livro da Ana (Ana's book - da = de + a), Eu sou do Brasil (I am from Brazil - do = de + o).
- Material: A mesa é de madeira (The table is made of wood).
- Topic/Contents: Livro de português (Portuguese book), Copo d'água (glass of water - d' before vowel).
- Para:
- Destination/Purpose: Eu vou para Lisboa (I am going to Lisbon). Um presente para você (A gift for you).
- Future Date/Time: A reunião é para amanhã (The meeting is for tomorrow).
- Com:
- Companionship/Instrument: Eu estudo com meu amigo (I study with my friend). Ela escreve com a caneta (She writes with the pen).
- Por:
- Cause/Reason: Obrigado pela ajuda (Thanks for the help - pela = por + a).
- Through/By means of: Passeamos pelo parque (We walked through the park - pelo = por + o).
- Duration: Estudei por duas horas (I studied for two hours).
- Exchange: Paguei $10$ reais por isso (I paid $10$ reais for this).
Prepositions are often combined with definite articles (o, a, os, as) to form contractions (e.g., de + o = do, em + a = na, a + o = ao).

Page 11 - Prepositions and country/place names:

Lisboa (Lisbon) as example of how to say “in Lisbon” or with articles.
Países: Brasil, Argentina, Estados Unidos, Bahamas (Bahamal de).
Canetas, caneta (pen); livro (book); português.
Grammar focus:
- Preposition usage with articles (e.g., no, na, no, na) and common phrases for tasks or assignments (em uma tarefa, numa tarefa).
Garfield reference appears (joke or memory cue) but not essential for grammar.

Page 12 - Pronominal and location phrases:

Eu trabalho numa universidade = I work at a university.
Examples with “num/numa” and “em” to indicate location or workplace.
La biblioteca = the library (note use of the feminine article with feminine noun).
Prepositions with places:
- à biblioteca, ao ginásio, ao café (examples of contractions with a + article).
Vocabulary: café (coffee), Starbucks (brand example).

Page 13 - Additional verbs and phrases:

Eu gosto de trem = I like trains.
Nós estamos cansados = We are tired.
Eles são inteligentes = They are intelligent.
Ser vs Estar: A Detailed Guide to Usage
- These two verbs both translate to "to be" but are used in distinct contexts based on permanence and nature of the state.
- 1. SER (Permanent, Inherent, or Defining Qualities):
- Identity, Name, Origin, Nationality:
  - "Eu sou cadete." (I am a cadet.)
  - "Ela é brasileira." (She is Brazilian.)
  - "Eu sou Maria." (I am Maria.)
  - "A capital do Brasil é Brasília." (The capital of Brazil is Brasília.)
- Profession:
  - "Ele é médico." (He is a doctor.)
- Time and Date:
  - "Hoje é segunda-feira." (Today is Monday.)
  - "São dez horas." ( $10$ o'clock.)
  - "Meu aniversário é em maio." (My birthday is in May.)
- Permanent Physical/Personality Characteristics:
  - "Ela é alta e inteligente." (She is tall and intelligent.)
  - "O céu é azul." (The sky is blue.)
- Material Composition:
  - "A mesa é de madeira." (The table is made of wood.)
- Possession (using "de"):
  - "O carro é do João." (The car is João's.)
- 2. ESTAR (Temporary States, Locations, or Conditions):
- Location:
  - "Eu estou na aula." (I am in class.)
  - "O livro está na mesa." (The book is on the table.)
  - "Lisboa está em Portugal." (Lisbon is in Portugal.)
- Temporary Physical or Emotional States:
  - "Nós estamos cansados." (We are tired.)
  - "Eu estou feliz." (I am happy.)
  - "Você está doente?" (Are you sick?)
- Health Condition:
  - "Como você está? Estou bem, obrigado." (How are you? I am well, thank you.)
- Progressive Actions (with "-ndo" gerund):
  - "Ele está estudando." (He is studying.)
  - "Eles estão assistindo TV." (They are watching TV.)
- Temporary Qualities (sometimes changing the meaning of an adjective):
  - "Ele é bonito" (He is handsome - inherent trait).
  - "Ele está bonito hoje" (He looks handsome today - temporary appearance).
Common questions:
- Como você vai? = How are you going?/How are you doing?
- Como você se chama? = What are you called?
- O que eles estudam? = What do they study? (plural)

Page 14 - Interrogatives and their uses:

Como = how; O que = what (object questions); Onde = where; Quando = when; Por que = why; Qual/Quais = which; Quem = who; Quanto/Quanta = how much; Quantos/Quantas = how many.
Example prompts:
- Qual é o número do seu telefone? = What is your phone number?
Note on usage:
- Qual vs Quais depend on singular vs plural; Quais for multiple options.

Page 15 - Estar (irregular) overview:

Forms shown: estou, estás, está, estamos, estais, estão (present indicative).
Distinction between estar and ser reiterated: estar for temporary states/locations; ser for permanent characteristics.
Common interrogatives and usage reminders:
- Onde, que, quando, por que, quais, etc., as referenced in prior pages.

Page 16 - A gente (colloquial Brazilian Portuguese) detailed usage:

"A gente" is a widely used colloquial expression in Brazilian Portuguese that functions as an informal substitute for the first-person plural pronoun "nós" (we).
Key Grammatical Point: Although it means "we," "a gente" always takes third-person singular verb conjugation, just like "ele," "ela," or "você."
- For example:
- With "nós": "Nós vamos ao cinema." (We go to the cinema.)
- With "a gente": "A gente vai ao cinema." (We go to the cinema.)
- With "nós": "Nós comemos pizza." (We eat pizza.)
- With "a gente": "A gente come pizza." (We eat pizza.)
It is most common in spoken language and informal writing in Brazil. While grammatically distinct from "nós," it conveys the same meaning of "we."
Verb conjugation: regular -er verbs (Presente do Indicativo):
- Comer (to eat):
- Eu como; Tu comes; Ele/Ela come; Nós comemos; Vocês comem; A gente come (we eat).
Notes on pronoun usage and informal speech patterns.

Page 17 - Present tense of common -er, -ar, and -ir related verbs:

Aprender (to learn):
- Eu aprendo; Tu aprendes; Ele/Ela aprende; Nós aprendemos; Vocês aprendem.
Escrever (to write):
- Eu escrevo; Tu escreves; Ele/Ela escreve; Nós escrevemos; Vocês escrevem.
Beber (to drink):
- Eu bebo; Tu bebes; Ele bebe; Nós bebemos; Vocês bebem.
Assistir (to attend/watch):
- Eu assisto; Tu assistes; Ele/ Ela assiste; Nós assistimos; Vocês assistem.
Discutir (to discuss):
- Eu discuto; Tu discutis/discutas (variation by region); Ele discute; Nós discutimos; Vocês discutem.
Abrir (to open):
- Eu abro; Tu abres; Ele abre; Nós abrimos; Vocês abrem.
Additional example phrases:
- “Eu gosto de pessoas.”
- “Nos abrimos” = we open ourselves? (contextual usage).
Note on time-of-day phrases: aula de manhã = morning class.

Page 18 - Everyday classroom and school-life scenarios:

1) Nao é muitonas? (likely “Não é muito?”) – usual classroom correction prompts.
2) O professor abre a porta no fim da aula. = The teacher opens the door at the end of class.
3) Vocês discutem política com as oficiais. = You (plural) discuss politics with the officials.
4) O que você come de manhã. = What do you eat in the morning?
5) Eu não como água suficiente durante o dia. = I do not drink enough water during the day.
Demonyms and geography notes:
- People from the city of Rio de Janeiro are Cariocas.
- People from the state of Rio are Paulistianos/Paulistas (transcript mentions Paulistiano).
Miscellaneous: “Pessoas