Ethics
Question 1:
What does dentistry being a profession imply about dentists?
Answer:
Dentists have important commitments not only to themselves and each other but also to society at large. They are bound by norms of conduct in their interactions with the community and adhere to standards of competence in practice.
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Question 2:
What self-reflective questions are suggested for dentists?
Answer:
- What kind of dentist am I?
- What kind of dentist would I like to become?
- What kind of person am I?
- What kind of person would I like to become?
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Question 3:
What does professionalism entail in dentistry?
Answer:
Professionalism in dentistry involves articulating the values and ideals to which individual dentists and the dental profession as a whole are committed, along with identifying the necessary skills to achieve these goals.
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Question 4:
What is the difference between ethical and legal issues?
Answer:
Ethical issues pertain to morality and principles of right and wrong, while legal issues involve laws and regulations established by governing bodies.
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Question 5:
Define "Ethics."
Answer:
Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with defining and studying morality, encompassing norms, values, and beliefs accepted by society to establish what is right or wrong in human behavior.
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Question 6:
According to Immanuel Kant, what defines the goodness of an action?
Answer:
An action is considered good if its maxim follows the moral law and is universally applicable without contradiction, emphasizing the inherent value of humanity.
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Question 7:
What is Bioethics?
Answer:
Bioethics investigates moral issues arising from biological and medical sciences, aiming to bridge the gap between experimental science and humanistic values.
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Question 8:
Define Deontology.
Answer:
Deontology is the branch of ethics concerned with duties, especially those governing professional activities, and the moral obligations associated with a profession.
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Question 9:
What are some aspects of Professional Ethics?
Answer:
Professional ethics include responsibilities such as working in teams, ensuring integrated responses, and engaging in continuous reflection to construct ethical frameworks.
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Question 10:
Is professional behavior considered a value or a skill?
Answer:
Professional behavior is both a value and a skill, influenced by both inherent traits and educational factors.
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Question 11:
What is Healthcare Activity?
Answer:
Healthcare activity encompasses professional actions related to evaluating, diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases, aiming to promote health and well-being under the supervision of accredited professionals.
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Question 12:
What does the establishment of a Code of Ethics require?
Answer:
Establishing a Code of Ethics involves collective reflective analysis among professionals, considering ethical sensitivity, skills for reflection, and critical analysis of value guides.
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Question 13:
Why is ethical sensitivity important?
Answer:
Ethical sensitivity and emotional openness are necessary for professionals to navigate ethical dilemmas effectively.
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Question 14:
What are some skills required for ethical reflection?
Answer:
Skills for ethical reflection include moral judgment, critical understanding of reality, and establishing fluid dialogues to seek consensus.
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Question 15:
What is the ultimate claim of ethics according to the text?
Answer:
The ultimate claim of ethics is individual conscience, guiding ethical decision-making and professional conduct.
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Question 16:
What is the purpose of a Code of Ethics?
Answer:
A Code of Ethics aims to guide professional behavior, protect individuals, and orient practices toward the betterment of society.
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Question 17:
What areas of professional ethics are identified?
Answer:
Areas of professional ethics include the profession itself, institutions, relationships with colleagues and patients, and broader societal responsibilities.
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Question 18:
What should a Code of Ethics include?
Answer:
A Code of Ethics should encompass rules specific to the profession, considerations for the workplace environment, and guidelines for professional conduct in various contexts.
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Question 19:
Why are relationships between colleagues fundamental?
Answer:
Relationships between colleagues are essential for effective teamwork, requiring communication, respect, and collaboration.
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Question 20:
What role do patients play in the Code of Ethics?
Answer:
Patients are central to professional practice, and the Code of Ethics should ensure respect for their concerns and rights.
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Question 21:
What is the purpose of value guides in professional ethics?
Answer:
Value guides serve to clarify, orient, and guide possible interventions in professional practice, resulting from collective reflection by professionals striving to enhance the quality of life for those they serve.
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Question 22:
Are value guides meant to solve complex professional problems?
Answer:
No, value guides are not intended to solve complex professional problems or avoid decision-making but rather to provide guidance and direction for ethical interventions.
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Question 23:
What happens to value guides when circumstances change?
Answer:
Value guides are subject to modification, revision, and extension as circumstances change, ensuring their continued relevance and effectiveness in guiding ethical practices.
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Question 24:
What is necessary to develop a code of ethics?
Answer:
To develop a code of ethics, it is essential to clarify and seek appropriate procedures for resolving ethical dilemmas through interactive and consensual processes among professionals.
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Question 25:
What does the development of a code of ethics signify for a profession?
Answer:
The development of a code of ethics signifies a high degree of professional maturity and an increase in professional recognition within the field.
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Question 26:
Is a code of ethics a static document?
Answer:
No, a code of ethics is not a static document; it must be flexible to adapt to changes in society, anticipate emerging ethical issues, and respond effectively to evolving needs.
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Question 27:
What should a code of ethics reflect?
Answer:
A code of ethics should be highly contextualized, reflecting the result of personal and collective reflection and containing the minimum ethical criteria necessary for the profession.
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Question 28:
According to Mora (2007), what is the definition of healthcare activity?
Answer:
healthcare activity refers to any direct or indirect action on the human body carried out by a health worker in the exercise of any profession within the healthcare sector.
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Question 29:
According to Martinez-Calcerrada (1986), what is the definition of healthcare activity?
Answer:
healthcare activity encompasses the professional performance or activity of health professionals aimed at or contributing to obtaining therapeutic or health-promoting effects in accordance with the corresponding techniques or arts.
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Question 30:
According to Socrates, what is the essence of morality?
Answer:
According to Socrates, morality entails the propriety of actions, suggesting that moral conduct is only possible when based on knowledge of the good and justice.
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Question 31:
According to Morlans (2016), what is the focus of bioethics?
Answer:
According to Morlans (2016), bioethics focuses on the systematic study of the moral dimensions of life sciences and healthcare, addressing the ethical implications raised by advancements in biological and medical sciences.
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Question 32:
According to Potter (1971), what is the scope of bioethics?
Answer:
According to Potter (1971), bioethics investigates the moral problems arising from the biological and medical sciences, emerging as an attempt to establish a bridge between experimental science and humanism.
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Question 34:
According to the text, why is the defense of the personal dimension of the patient essential in bioethics?
Answer:
In bioethics, the defense of the personal dimension of the patient is crucial for the humanization of health sciences. Health professionals are urged to reaffirm the centrality of the patient as a person and their dignity by upholding their inalienable rights.
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Question 1:
According to the text, what are the functions of a dentist as outlined by Hortal (2011)?
Answer:
According to Hortal (2011), dentists have four primary functions:
1. They provide a specific service to society in an institutionalized form.
2. Dentists perform a set of professional activities and earn a livelihood, dedicating themselves to it on a stable basis.
3. Dentists form collectives with other professionals to gain control over the practice of the profession.
4. Access to dentistry is granted after a process of theoretical and practical training, upon which accreditation to practice the profession depends.
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Question 2:
What principles should be guaranteed by codes of ethics according to the text?
Answer:
The principles that should be guaranteed by codes of ethics include:
1. Individual rights and individual welfare, encompassing the guarantee of the user's right to make their own decisions and choices (principle of self-determination and confidentiality) and providing for the welfare of the user (principle of respect for the user, service, help, and respect for human rights).
2. Public welfare, which seeks to ensure the interests and welfare of parties other than the user, emphasizing social justice, solidarity, community participation, and coordinated teamwork.
3. Inequalities and structural oppression: Social justice lies in the commitment and denunciation of situations of institutional exploitation or abuse.
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Question 3:
What are the principles of public welfare?
Answer:
Social justice
Solidarity
Community participation
Coordinated teamwork.
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Question 4:
What is the significance of the Hippocratic Oath in the context of ethical health behavior protocols?
Answer:
The Hippocratic Oath, which dates back to ancient times, symbolizes the ethos (character) of physicians. It guides and protects practitioners, instilling confidence in patients and society. The oath reflects a commitment to ethical conduct, emphasizing principles such as treating patients with respect, avoiding harm, maintaining confidentiality, and upholding professional integrity.
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Question 5:
What financial relationship does the Hippocratic Oath outline between physicians and patients?
Answer:
1. Fees are only ethically justified when the professional's conduct seeks perfection in the art of practice.
2. The honest physician should not seek profit but glory, in accordance with the swiftness of evil.
3. Physicians should consider the patient's financial situation when setting fees, without being overly demanding or lacking in humanity.
4. Physicians may often provide services free of charge.
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Question 6:
According to Orth (2019), what ritual should always be observed in the context of ethics and the mastery of scientific and technical knowledge?
Answer:
Ethics and the mastery of scientific and technical knowledge form a ritual that must always be observed. Profit is considered a consequence that should not be underestimated, but it should never be placed first in the temporal sequence of events.
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Question 7:
What are the key principles outlined in the COEM (2018) version of the Hippocratic Oath?
Answer:
The key principles outlined in the COEM (2018) version of the Hippocratic Oath include:
1. Safeguarding life, health, and human dignity as fundamental rights.
2. Providing the best possible care to all patients regardless of various factors.
3. Keeping and respecting patient confidentiality.
4. Respecting scientific achievements, sharing knowledge, and showing gratitude to teachers.
5. Continuing to study and train throughout professional life.
6. Treating colleagues with respect and avoiding malicious criticism.
7. Exercising the profession with dignity and ethics in the service of society.
8. Love, enjoy and defend the profession with enthusiasm, always seeking the good of my patients.
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Question 8:
What are the main points of Maimonides' Prayer regarding the ethical conduct of physicians?
Answer:
Maimonides' Prayer outlines several main points regarding the ethical conduct of physicians, including:
1. Focusing on love for the profession and all creatures.
2. Avoiding the influence of greed and desire for glory in practicing medicine.
3. Being ready to serve all individuals, regardless of their circumstances.
4. Viewing patients solely as those who suffer.
5. Maintaining clarity of mind and focus on the patient's well-being.
6. Building trust with patients and respecting their confidence.
7. Avoiding interference from non-professionals at the patient's bedside.
8. Remaining invulnerable to criticism and maintaining perseverance in the truth.
9. Grant me the necessary forbearance and patience with passionate or rude patients.
10. Make me moderate in all things but insatiable in my love of science.
11. Apart from me, the idea that I can do anything.
12. Give me strength, kindness, and the opportunity to expand my knowledge more and more.
13. May I discover today in my knowledge, things that I did not suspect yesterday, because art is great, but the spirit of man can always advance forward
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Question 9:
What is the purpose of the Geneva Declaration proposed by the World Medical Association?
Answer:
An update of the Hippocratic Oath proposed by the World Medical Association (WMA) General Assembly held in September 1948.
Create a new document that fulfils the function that the Hippocratic text had at the time of its creation. To create a moral basis for all physicians (World War II).
Little public impact.
Amended in 1968, 1983 and 1994, and revised in 2005 and 2006.
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Question 10:
What ethical principles are emphasized in the European Charter of Medical Ethics?
Answer:
1. Advocating for human physical and mental health while respecting life and dignity.
2. Prioritizing the health interests of patients and providing essential care without discrimination.
3. Considering the patient's environment as a crucial element in their health.
4. Maintaining patient confidentiality and using professional knowledge for the benefit of patients.
5. Respecting personal autonomy while acting in accordance with the principle of therapeutic efficacy.
6. Utilize professional knowledge to enhance or maintain patient health without causing harm.
7. You must use all the resources that science offers you to apply them appropriately to your patient.
8. Act in line with therapeutic effectiveness while respecting patient autonomy and equitable resource use.
9. Maintain the integrity of the individual as part of health protection efforts.
10. Reject any form of torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.
11. Ensure transparency regarding potential conflicts of interest and maintain technical and moral independence.
12. Inform patients if conditions prevent complete professional independence, ensuring the right to treatment.
13. Even during service strikes, provide necessary emergency treatment and care to patients.
14. While not obliged to provide treatment against personal beliefs, respect patient autonomy and choices.
15. Conduct medical practice with conscience, dignity, and independence for oneself and others.
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Question 11:
What are some of Popper's ethical principles outlined in the text?
Answer:
Popper's ethical principles, as outlined in the text, include:
1. Recognition of the absence of undisputed authority.
2. Acknowledgment that mistakes are inevitable, but efforts should be made to prevent them.
3. Recognition of the fallibility of theories and the need for scientists to seek out flaws.
4. Emphasis on learning from mistakes and being self-critical.
5. Acceptance of rational criticism as a means to approach objective truth.
6. We must learn from them
7. We must know its cause
8. We must be self-critical and honest with them.
9. We must gratefully accept that which makes us conscious.
10. We need other people to correct our mistakes
11. Self-criticism is the best, but criticism of others is necessary.
12. Rational criticism must always be: specific, substantiated and argued, in order to approach an objective truth.
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Question 12:
Relying on others means establishing a dialogue that in turn requires:
Answer:
Intellectual preparation for understanding
Tolerance to admit new ideas
Ethical training to discover the borders between good and bad
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Question 13:
Social and moral importance of professions
Answer:
Specific good that provides society
Ability to create identity and community
Ability to strengthen social networks and enhance the virtues to reach excellence.
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Question 14:
Professionall organization:
Answer:
Individual and cooperative activity
Defend the privileges of the group against those of the Society
Avoid corporatism - define good practices of the profession
Social activity - purpose: to provide a specific good to society (with beneficiaries)
Question 13:
Oral health according to the FDI - 2016
Answer:
is multifaceted and includes, among other things, the ability to speak, smile, smell, taste, touch, chew, swallow, and convey a range of emotions through facial expressions with confidence and without pain, discomfort, or discomfort. craniofacial complex disease”
Question 14:
Dental treatment
recommendation – diagnosed
need
Fiduciary relationship
Contractual relationship
Answer:
- Oral health involves:
- Speaking
- Smiling
- Smelling
- Tasting
- Touching
- Chewing
- Swallowing
- Conveying emotions confidently without pain or discomfort (FDI, 2016).
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Question 15:
Three periods define clinical relationships:
Answer:
1. Age of paternalism: Specialist as sole decision-maker with patient absolut trust. Unidirectional
2. Era of autonomy: Informed consent by American Hospital Association - 1969. First duty of charity of the doctor
3. Era of bureaucracy: Efficiency in treatment and resource management prioritized. Wishes of health specialists and their patients are subordinated to the guidelines of the administration
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Question 17:
The objective of ethics
Answer:
is specified in protecting the physical and mental wholeness of sick people
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Question 18:
Principles of ethics in dentistry
Answer:
- Beneficence: Duty to cure the sick and provide efficient service.
- Non-maleficence: Obligation not to harm patients or others.
- Autonomy: Right of patients to decide with adequate information.
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Question 19:
Principle of justice
Answer:
Duty not to discriminate; distributive equity largely falls on health administration.
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Question 20:
Hastings Center Report objectives by the administration or by the healthcare provider himself, and applicable to dentistry
Answer:
Health objectives: prevention, relief of suffering, assistance, and healing, applicable to dentistry.
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Question 21:
June 2017 – Conclusions conference of deans of dentistry from Spanish universities
Answer:
Reformulation of undergraduate and postgraduate curricula to promote ethical behavior and necessary skills acquisition.
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Question 22:
Dentist adaptation
Answer:
Dentists need training aligned with societal expectations and must adapt to changing social conditions, emphasizing humility.
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Question 23:
Competency profile of dental graduates (Association for Dental Education in Europe, 2017)
Answer:
- Ethics is highlighted as the basis of professionalism, emphasizing well-being, patient autonomy, and commitment to justice.
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Question 24:
Three fundamental ethical principles in all aspects of dentistry, that new graduate needs to apply:
Answer:
1. Primacy of well-being
2. Patient autonomy
3. Commitment to justice
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Question 25:
Emergency care
Answer:
Unforeseen event in which medical attention must be immediate, since it involves a risk to life or intense suffering.
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Question 25:
Emergency care situation requirement - Da Fonseca (2015)
Answer:
Requires, not only from the dentist but also from his auxiliary team, a solid, consolidated and diversified knowledge of the action protocols in the different emergency situations.
Clinic has the necessary equipment for the effective performance of all the necessary actions for he total recovery of the patient.
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Question 25:
“Quick guide to the treatment of medical emergencies in the dental office" (Hernández - Juyol, 2000)
Answer:
1. Always treat patients when their medical history has been taken
2. Consult with the patient's family doctor whenever we consider it appropriate
3. Be alert to any adverse reaction that we observe
4. Recognize situations and be familiar with the signs and symptoms of potential emergencies
5. Know how to perform basic patient monitoring (assess the degree of consciousness, measure heart rate,
respiratory rate and blood pressure)
6. Regularly check the emergency equipment (all elements must be in perfect condition)
7. Be properly trained, both the professional and the entire team of collaborators, in cardiopulmonary
resuscitation maneuvers - CPR (each one in their functions)
8. Have controlled access to specialized medical care, as quickly as possible.
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Question 26:
Dentist-patient interaction - Rest y Narváez (1994)
Answer:
1. The recognition and analysis of the ethical problems of the profession (moral sensitivity)
2. The reasoned argumentation and the moral judgment of the actions to be carried out (moral
reasoning)
3. Commitment to the ethical principles of the profession (moral motivation)The implementation
of an action plan (moral action)
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Question 27:
Where is patients' trust in dentists primarly vested
Answer:
In the dental profession as a whole. Not in individual dentists
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Question 27:
What sould the profession ensure
Answer:
All dentists meet basic knowledge and skill levels and follow clinical practice protocols.
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Question 13:
The role and aspects of communication
Answer:
- Importance of communication in reducing patient anxiety and fears.
- Fundamental aspects of communication: Verbal, Vocal, Visual.
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Question 14:
Good communication:
Answer:
help to reduce anxiety and possible fears that may arise in the patient, both those that refer to the pathology itself or to the therapy that must be applied.
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Question 15:
Key skills for good communication:
Answer:
- Assertiveness: Reasonable and respectable affirmations.
- Empathy: Identifying with the patient's state of mind.
- Active Listening: Listening carefully, interpreting feelings, expressing understanding.
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Question 16:
Active listening:
Answer:
1. Listen carefully to what we are told
2. Interpret the feelings of the speaker
3. Demonstrate that these feelings are recognized and understood
4. Distinguish coherent and contradictory messages
5. Express to the patient what we think we have heard
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Question 16:
Fundamental Aspects of Communication
Answer:
- Verbal: Content of the conversation.
- Vocal: Tone and manner of speaking.
- Visual: Body language and expressions.
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Question 17:
The Practice of Care
- Welcoming, listening, knowing the patient.
- Elements of care: Attention, Responsibility, Competence, Receptivity.
- Observation and dialogue are crucial.
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Question 18:
Attention, Responsibility, Competence, Receptivity are specified in:
Answer:
1. Realizing the needs of others, experiencing empathy with their needs and points of view
2. Take responsibility for a specific set of practices and cultural norms
3. Putting the skill into practice concerning the needs of another person
4. Listen to the position of the other so that an answer can be offered
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Question 15:
To be a good dentist you need to:
Answer:
- Listen, observe and understand
- Reassure
- Reflect
- Communicate
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Question 18:
Professionalism includes
Answer:
competence, technical scientific quality, humanity and ethics
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Question 19:
A good professional is able to
Answer:
1. Empathize with the sick
2. Remember that each person is different
3. Dispense the information according to the biography of the patient
4. Earning their trust, as an essential tool
5. Leave a light of hope, without deceiving
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Question 20:
The dentists role is to:
Answer:
diagnose, resolve, and maintain oral health.
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Question 21:
Consequences of Decision Making
Answer:
- Professional stress or burnout can result.
- Iatrogenesis
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Question 21:
Negligen iatrogenesis
Answer:
Situations in which the professional ignores or does not take into account recommendations based on solid and well-established evidence.
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Question 21:
Illustrated iatrogenesis
Answer:
Scenarios of uncertainty in which the professional adopts an inventive behavior, to obtain diagnostic or therapeutic results. It is unacceptable outside of regulated research or innovation activities
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Question 21:
Cultural iatrogenesis
Answer:
Interventions or diagnostic or therapeutic decisions with sufficient evidence or not, but accepted by the entire scientific community, which with it express undesirable effects. They can also be preventive interventions with intrinsic unwanted effects. It is prudent and refutable or acceptable depending on the case.
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Question 21:
Perverse iatrogenesis
Answer:
When risks are minimized, despite being known.
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Question 21:
Utilitarian iatrogenesis
Answer:
Doing the greatest good for the most people, minimizing individual risk. It's hard to accept this kind of risk.