Study Notes on the History of Computers and Computer Safety Practices

History of Computers

  • The evolution of computers has seen significant changes from the use of vacuum tubes to more advanced technologies.

Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)

  • Transition from Vacuum Tubes to Transistors
    • The second generation of computers utilized transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
    • Invention of the Transistor:
    • Invented in 1947 by scientists Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley at AT&T's Bell Labs.
    • Operated similarly to vacuum tubes by amplifying signals and controlling the flow of electricity.
    • Advantages of Transistors:
    • Smaller than vacuum tubes.
    • Faster processing speeds.
    • Lower production costs.
    • Generated less heat.
    • Made of silicon, which conducted electricity more efficiently than vacuum tubes.

Rules to Keep Yourself Safe in the Computer Lab

  • Safety Protocols:
    • Do Not:
    • Run in the computer lab.
    • Touch exposed cables or plugs without authorization.
    • Step on computer or electrical cables.
    • Insert metal objects into the computer equipment, as it may lead to electrical shocks.
    • Open the system unit or monitor due to the risk of electrical shocks.
    • Protecting Computer Equipment:
    • Avoid food and drinks in the lab to prevent spills that could lead to electrical malfunctions.
    • Do not touch circuit boards or power sockets.
    • Minimize dust exposure; have a technician clean the computer regularly.
    • Print only when necessary to save on ink and paper costs.
    • Do not copy software without permission due to copyright laws.
    • Limit the number of times computers are turned on/off daily to prevent wear.
    • Shut down computers properly when not in use.
    • Use antivirus software and scan flash drives for viruses.
    • Respect others’ files; do not alter, delete, or move files without permission.

General Computer Lab Rules

  • Lab Etiquette:
    • Save often to prevent data loss.
    • No food or drink in the lab.
    • Keep workstation area organized and neat.
    • Surf safely online.
    • Respect others’ workspace and files.
    • Log off when finished using the computer.
    • Do not change computer settings without permission.
    • Print only when necessary.
    • Maintain a quiet atmosphere in the lab.

Rules for Handling Storage Devices

  • Storage Device Management:
    • Safe Handling Practices:
    • Do not keep storage devices near magnets to avoid data loss.
    • Avoid high temperatures and direct sunlight.
    • Keep storage devices away from liquids and food.
    • Protect from excessive humidity and smoke.
    • Do not bend or write on the underside of CDs/DVDs.

Ergonomics

  • Definition and Importance:

    • Ergonomics is the science of studying the relationship between people and their work environment to create optimal working conditions.
    • The significance lies in reducing strain and injury to users, especially with the increased time spent on computers.

  • Guidelines for Ergonomic Safety:

    • Take breaks about every 30 minutes while using a computer.
    • Ensure proper seating: feet flat on the floor, thighs horizontal, and backs supported.
    • Align the mouse and keyboard at the same level and height as elbows.
    • Maintain good posture; sit with the back against the chair.
    • Position the monitor at or slightly below eye level to reduce neck strain.
    • Use a document holder for ease of reference while typing.

  • Recommended Sitting Position:

    • Elbows: At the sides, slight bend more than 90 degrees.
    • Chair: Fully adjustable with lumbar support.
    • Eyes: Aligned with the top 1/3 of the screen.
    • Mouse: At the same height as the keyboard, adjacent for ease of use.

Injury Risks from Poor Ergonomics

  • Not adhering to ergonomic guidelines can lead to various injuries:
    • Lower Back Strain: Caused by poor posture and the use of improper furniture.
      • Preventative measures include using a supportive chair and taking regular breaks.
    • Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI):
      • Caused by repetitive stress on joints and performing the same actions repeatedly, leading to muscle and nerve damage.
      • Types of RSI:
      • Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons that attach muscles to bones.
      • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS): Caused by pressure on a nerve in the wrist, resulting in pain and numbness due to poor posture and long periods of activity.
      • Ganglion Cyst: A lump caused by leaking fluid in the wrist or tendon area.
    • Preventative Strategies for RSI:
    • Ensure keyboards and mice are height aligned.
    • Implement frequent breaks during long sessions.
    • Use wrist rests while typing to prevent strain.
    • Type with fingers rather than resting on the wrist for movement.