APSC 1454 Exam 2 Study Notes

APSC 1454 Exam 2 — Answer Worksheet Study Notes

Swine

  • Terminology:

    • Piglet: Young pig;

    • Gilt: Young female pig;

    • Sow: Mature female pig;

    • Boar: Mature male pig;

    • Barrow: Castrated male pig.

  • Farrowing: The act of giving birth in pigs.

  • Pork: Refers to pig meat.

  • Vertical integration: A model where one company controls multiple stages of production and distribution.

  • Thermoneutral Zone: Defined as the range of ambient temperatures where pigs can maintain their body temperature without having to expend energy on heating or cooling themselves.

  • All-in, All-out: A management practice where groups of pigs are moved together to prevent disease spread and enhance biosecurity.

  • U.S. Pork Industry:

    • The U.S. is one of the top producers and exporters of pork.

    • Large integrated systems dominate this industry.

  • Housing Conditions:

    • Controlled climate environment with slatted floors to manage waste.

    • Segments of production include: breeding → nursery → grow/finish → market.

    • Farrowing barn: Emphasis on warmth and safety for piglets.

    • Nursery: Provides necessary weaning support for piglets.

    • Grow/Finish: Focused on achieving rapid growth.

  • Thermoneutral zone decreases as pigs age.

  • Disease Management:

    • Common health issues include:

    • Respiratory problems

    • Scours (diarrhea)

    • Parasites

    • Disease prevention strategies:

    • Biosecurity measures

    • Vaccination programs

Poultry

  • Terminology:

    • Chick: Young chicken;

    • Pullet: Young female chicken;

    • Hen: Adult female chicken;

    • Rooster: Adult male chicken;

    • Capon: Castrated male chicken;

    • Broiler: Chicken raised for meat;

    • Layer: Hen raised for egg production;

    • Poult: Young turkey;

    • Tom: Adult male turkey.

  • Main Products: Meat and eggs are the primary products from poultry, specifically chickens and turkeys.

  • Vertical Integration: Refers to the control from breeding to processing within the same company, leading to increased efficiency.

  • Production Facilities:

    • Hatchery: Incubation lasts for 21 days.

    • Grow-out: Utilizes floor housing for raising chickens.

    • Broiler breeder housing: Requires more space and the inclusion of nest boxes for laying.

    • Laying hen housing: Variants include cage, cage-free, and free-range, with associated trade-offs regarding animal welfare and efficiency.

  • Layer Nutrition:

    • Diets are typically high in calcium to support egg production.

  • Turkey Growth Characteristics: Turkeys are larger and grow at a slower rate compared to broilers.

  • Foodborne Illnesses: Concerns include:

    • Salmonella

    • Campylobacter

    • Prevention through sanitation and vaccination practices.

  • Current Industry Issues: Discussions revolve around animal welfare, antibiotic usage, and transitions in housing methods.

Companion Animals

  • Terminology:

    • Companion animal: Animals kept primarily for companionship.

    • Kitten/Puppy: Young cats/dogs respectively.

    • Queen/Bitch: Female species designation for cats and dogs respectively.

    • Tom/Dog: Male terms for cats and dogs respectively.

    • Whelping: The act of giving birth in dogs.

    • Littering: The act of giving birth in cats.

  • Shelter Industry: A significant aspect of companion animal care, with sources including:

    • Shelters

    • Breeders

    • Rescues

    • Rehoming: Often due to cost or behavioral issues associated with pet ownership.

  • Ownership Statistics: Approximately 70% of U.S. households own pets, with dogs being the most common.

    • Trends indicate that pet ownership is steadily increasing.

  • Benefits of Companion Animals:

    • Emotional support

    • Health benefits

    • Companionship

    • Service animals support individuals with disabilities.

  • Cost of Ownership: Major costs incurred include:

    • Food

    • Veterinary care

    • Housing

    • -

  • Breed Classification: Breeds are classified based on their intended use (e.g., sporting, toy).

  • Dietary Needs:

    • Cats: Classified as obligate carnivores and require taurine.

    • Dogs: Classified as omnivores.

  • Label Meaning:

    • 'Complete & balanced': Indicates the food meets the nutritional needs of the animal.

    • 'Premium': Typically a marketing term without strict definitions.

    • 'Organic': Refers to food certified by the USDA.

  • Dietary Trends:

    • Discussion on raw and grain-free diets regarding potential contamination risks.

    • Weight Management: Focuses on the combination of diet and exercise.

  • Common Diseases:

    • Rabies

    • Parvovirus

    • FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus)

    • All can be prevented through proper vaccination strategies.

Genetics

  • Genetic Terminology:

    • Diploid: Refers to an organism with two sets of chromosomes.

    • Gene: A unit of DNA that encodes a trait.

    • Locus: The specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome.

    • Allele: Different forms of a gene present at a locus.

    • Homozygous: Organisms have two identical alleles for a trait.

    • Heterozygous: Organisms have two different alleles for a trait.

  • Dominance Types:

    • Simple dominance: One allele masks the expression of another.

    • Incomplete dominance: Both alleles contribute to the phenotype, resulting in a blended expression.

    • Codominance: Both alleles in a heterozygous condition are fully expressed.

    • Epistasis: Phenomenon where one gene affects the expression of another gene.

  • Trait Definitions:

    • Trait: A characteristic of an organism.

    • Phenotype: The observable expression of a trait.

    • Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism.

    • Heritability (h²): The proportion of observed variation in a trait attributable to genetic factors.

  • Breeding Concepts:

    • Breeding value: The genetic worth of an individual as a parent.

    • EPD (Expected Progeny Difference): A genetic prediction of offspring traits based on parental data.

    • Inbreeding: The mating of closely related individuals.

    • Heterosis: The phenomenon wherein crossbred offspring show superior qualities compared to the parents.

  • Sex Determination:

    • Mammals: Use the XX/XY chromosome system.

    • Birds: Use the ZW/ZZ chromosome system.

  • Genetic Expression Types: There are two types of genetic expressions:

    • Sex-linked traits: Located on sex chromosomes.

    • Sex-limited traits: Phenotypically expressed in only one sex.

  • Gene Classification:

    • Monogenic: Traits controlled by a single gene.

    • Polygenic: Traits influenced by multiple genes.

    • Qualitative: Traits that are distinct and non-continuous.

    • Quantitative: Traits that are measurable and continuous.

  • Genetic Phenotype Model: Presented as:
    extPhenotype=extGenotype+extEnvironmentext{Phenotype} = ext{Genotype} + ext{Environment}

  • Heritability Levels:

    • Low h²: Typically seen in reproduction traits.

    • Moderate h²: Common in growth traits.

    • High h²: Frequently associated with carcass traits.

  • Genetic Change Mechanisms: Include mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection, with selection regarded as the primary driver of genetic change.

  • Mating Systems:

    • Inbreeding: Enhances genetic uniformity.

    • Outbreeding: Introduces genetic diversity.

    • Crossbreeding: Promotes hybrid vigor (heterosis).

Final Review

  • Disease Control Measures:

    • Use of vaccines

    • Sanitation practices

    • Isolation protocols

    • Biosecurity management strategies.

  • Environmental Influence: Recognized as a critical factor affecting growth, reproduction, comfort, and health in animals.

  • Life Cycles of Animals:

    • Common life cycles discussed include those of:

    • Swine

    • Broilers (meat chickens)

    • Layers (egg-laying hens)

    • Turkeys

    • Dogs

    • Cats

    • All animal life cycles typically follow a sequence of birth → growth → reproduction → aging.