A&P Portion - Hesi A2

Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

  1. Buccal - Cheek

  2. Cranial - Skull

  3. Facial - Face

  4. Frontal - Forehead

  5. Nasal - Nose

  6. Orbital - Eye

  7. Otic - Ear

  8. Oral - Mouth

  9. Occipital - Back of head

  10. Cervical - Neck

  11. Pectoral - Anterior Upper Chest

  12. Sternal - Breast Bone

  13. Ventral - Belly

  14. Umbilical - Navel

  15. Pubic - Genital Area

  16. Dorsal - Back

  17. Scapular - Shoulder

  18. Vertebral - Spine

  19. Lumbar - Lower Back

  20. Acromial - Highest Part of Shoulder

  21. Axillary - Armpit

  22. Brachial - Arm

  23. Olecranal - Posterior part of Elbow

  24. Antebrachial - Forearm

  25. Cubital - Anterior Part of Elbow

  26. Carpal - Wrist

  27. Palmar - Palm

  28. Digital/Phalanges - Fingers/Toes

  29. Fibular (Peroneal) - Lateral part of Leg

  30. Tarsal - Ankle

  31. Pedal - Foot

  32. Plantar - Sole of Foot

  33. Coxal - Hip

  34. Gluteal - Buttocks

  35. Inguinal - Groin

  36. Femoral - Thigh

  37. Patellar - Anterior Part of Knee

  38. Popliteal - Posterior Part of Knee

  39. Crural - Lower Leg (Shin)

  40. Sural - Calf

Vital HESI A2 Anatomy Study Guide

Basic Terminology

  • Anatomy - The study of body structures.

  • Physiology - The study of body function.

  • Homeostasis - The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Cellular Basics

  • Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP.

  • Ribosomes - Synthesize proteins.

  • Nucleus - Contains DNA and controls cell activity.

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum - Transports proteins and lipids.

  • Golgi Apparatus - Packages and modifies proteins for transport.

Skeletal System Overview

  • 206 Bones in the human body.

  • Axial Skeleton - Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage (protects vital organs).

  • Appendicular Skeleton - Limbs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle (movement and support).

  • Bone Types:

    • Long (Femur, Humerus)

    • Short (Carpals, Tarsals)

    • Flat (Sternum, Skull)

    • Irregular (Vertebrae, Mandible)

    • Sesamoid (Patella)

  • Osteoblasts - Build bone.

  • Osteoclasts - Break down bone.

  • Osteocytes - Mature bone cells.

Muscular System

  • Three Types of Muscle:

    • Skeletal (Voluntary, Striated)

    • Cardiac (Heart, Involuntary, Striated)

    • Smooth (Organs, Involuntary, Non-striated)

  • Sarcomere - The contractile unit of muscle, made of actin and myosin filaments.

Cardiovascular System

  • Heart Chambers:

    • Right Atrium, Right Ventricle (Deoxygenated blood)

    • Left Atrium, Left Ventricle (Oxygenated blood)

  • Blood Flow Path:

    • Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body

  • Arteries - Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery).

  • Veins - Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein).

  • Capillaries - Site of gas and nutrient exchange.

Respiratory System

  • Path of Air Flow:

    • Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli (gas exchange)

  • Diaphragm - Contracts for inhalation, relaxes for exhalation.

Digestive System

  • Mouth - Mechanical and chemical digestion starts here.

  • Esophagus - Transports food via peristalsis.

  • Stomach - Uses hydrochloric acid and pepsin to break down food.

  • Small Intestine - Primary site for nutrient absorption.

  • Large Intestine - Water absorption and waste elimination.

Urinary System

  • Kidneys - Filter blood and regulate water balance.

  • Nephrons - Functional units of the kidney.

  • Ureters - Transport urine to the bladder.

  • Bladder - Stores urine.

  • Urethra - Expels urine from the body.

Endocrine System & Hormones

  • Hypothalamus - Master regulator, controls pituitary gland.

  • Pituitary Gland - Produces GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, ADH.

  • Thyroid Gland - Regulates metabolism (T3, T4).

  • Adrenal Glands - Stress response, produces cortisol and adrenaline.

  • Pancreas - Regulates blood sugar (Insulin, Glucagon).

Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) - Brain and spinal cord; processes information.

  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Includes:

    • Somatic Nervous System - Controls voluntary movements.

    • Autonomic Nervous System - Controls involuntary functions (Sympathetic = Fight or Flight; Parasympathetic = Rest & Digest).

Blood Components

  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) - Carry oxygen via hemoglobin.

  • Leukocytes (WBCs) - Fight infection:

    • Neutrophils - First responders to infections.

    • Lymphocytes - B cells (antibodies) & T cells (cell-mediated immunity).

    • Monocytes - Transform into macrophages for long-term defense.

    • Eosinophils - Combat parasites and allergies.

    • Basophils - Release histamine, cause inflammation.

  • Platelets - Clot blood.