observational learning and memory

observational learning→Learning by observing the behavior of others.

modeling→Learning by observing and imitating others.

banduras bobo doll study→It demonstrated that children learn aggressive behavior by observing and imitating adults.

what are the implications of observational learning for aggresive and prosocial behavior→Observational learning can lead to both aggressive and prosocial behavior.

encoding→The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

storage→The process of retaining information over time.

retrieval→The process of accessing information stored in long-term memory.

sensory memory→A type of memory that holds sensory information for a very brief period of time.

short-term memory→For information that is available to consciousness for about 20-30 seconds

long-term memory→Relatively permanent memory

iconic memory→Visual sensory memory

echoic memory→Auditory sensory memory

how did sterling study iconic memory→Sterling used a tachistoscope to briefly flash letters and then asked participants to recall them.

explicit memory→Consciously recalled long-term memories.

implicit memory→Not brought to mind consciously but expressed in behavior

semantic memory→A type of long-term memory that stores general knowledge and facts.

episodic memory→Episodic memory is memory for personally experienced events.

procedural memory→Memory for the performance of skills; can’t explain how to do it

priming→Prior exposure to a stimulus affects responses to a later stimulus

classically conditioned associations→Learned connections between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.

recall→Producing memories using minimal retrieval cues; open-ended

recognition→Knowledge of whether one has previously been exposed to information; multiple choice

relearning→Learning occurs more quickly the second time it is learned

chunking→Chunking is a memory technique that involves grouping information into meaningful units.

mnemonics→Techniques used to improve memory.

maintenance rehearsal→Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

elaborative rehearsal→A memory strategy that involves connecting new information to existing knowledge.

craik and tulvings levels of processing theory→It suggests that deeper processing of information leads to better memory.

shallow processing→Shallow processing is encoding information based on its surface features, like its sound or appearance.

deep processing→Deep processing involves elaborating on information and connecting it to existing knowledge.

what was their study with CHAIR→The researchers had participants study a list of words, including "chair," and then tested their memory for the words.

context-dependent memory→Environment in which something is learned serves as cue for retrieval (external)

state-dependent memory→Physical or mental state in which something is learned serves as cue for retrieval (internal)

encoding failure→Memory fails to form due to lack of attention or processing

storage decay→After memory has been stored, may fade

retrieval failure→The inability to access information that is stored in long-term memory.

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve→A graph that shows the exponential rate at which information is forgotten over time.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon→The feeling of knowing a word but being unable to recall it. (retrieval failure)

anterograde amnesia→Memory loss for information encountered after head injury

retrograde amnesia→Memory loss for information before head injury

what type of amnesia and memory impairment did H.M. experience→H.M. experienced anterograde amnesia, meaning he could not form new memories.

is eyewitness testimony reliable→Eyewitness testimony is often unreliable due to factors like memory distortions, suggestibility, and stress

what was found in Loftus' study (1974)→Participants' memories of an event were altered by leading questions.