Prueba 1 Español

REPASO Estructuras esenciales

The Present Tense

You use the present to express present and near future actions. The present tense: regular, irregular, and stem-changing verbs.

Regular verbs

llevar llevo, llevas, lleva, llevamos, lleváis, llevan

comer como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen

cumplir cumplo, cumples, cumple, cumplimos, cumplís, cumplen

Stem-changing verbs

e → ie

empezar empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empezáis, empiezan

o → ue

resolver resuelvo, resuelves, resuelve, resolvemos, resolvéis, resuelven

e → i

seguir sigo, sigues, sigue, seguimos, seguís, siguen

¡Ojo! Jugar is the only u to ue stem-change verb: juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan.

Verbs with irregular yo forms

There are some verbs that have irregular forms only in the first-person singular. The other forms of these verbs follow regular conjugation patterns for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.

conducir to drive yo conduzco

conocer to know yo conozco

crecer to grow up yo crezco

dar to give yo doy

escoger to choose yo escojo

hacer to do, to make yo hago

poner to put yo pongo

recoger to pick up yo recojo

saber to know yo sé

salir to leave yo salgo

traer to bring yo traigo

ver to see yo veo

¡Ojo! The verb oír (to hear) is conjugated: oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen.

Irregular verbs

The following verbs are completely irregular and will need to be memorized.

ir to go

voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van

venir to come

vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen

Ser, estar, tener, hay

Ser vs. estar

Remember that ser and estar both mean to be, but are not interchangeable.

ser soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

estar estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están

Review the uses of ser and estar below.

Uses of ser

  • characteristics of people, animals, and things

  • impersonal expressions

  • material of composition

  • possession

  • origin and nationality

  • profession or occupation

  • time, date, season

  • when and where events take place

Uses of estar

  • health

  • location and spatial relationships

  • ongoing action

  • physical states and conditions

  • result of action

  • condition

Ser and estar with descriptive adjectives

ser + adjective

estar + adjective

aburrido(a) boring

aburrido(a) bored

listo(a) sharp, smart

listo(a) ready

malo(a) bad (inherent quality)

malo(a) sick

rico(a) rich, wealthy

rico(a) delicious

seguro(a) safe

seguro(a) sure

verde green

verde ripe

Forms of tener

tener to have tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen

Idiomatic expressions with tener

Tener + años to be ___ years old

calor to be hot

éxito to be successful

frío to be cold

ganas (de) to feel like

prisa to be in a hurry

Hay

Hay means there is and there are.

Los verbos reflexivos

A reflexive verb can be used to express an action that one does to oneself (myself, yourself, himself…) when talking about daily routines.

Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately before a conjugated verb and can be attached to infinitives and present participles.

me

nos

te

os

se

se

Common reflexive verbs

  • acostarse (ue) to go to bed

  • afeitarse to shave

  • arreglarse to get ready

  • bañarse to bathe

  • cepillarse to brush

  • despertarse (ie) to wake up

  • dormirse (ue) to fall asleep

  • ducharse to shower

  • lavarse to wash

  • levantarse to get up

  • maquillarse to put on make-up

  • peinarse to comb (one’s hair)

  • ponerse to put on

  • teñirse (i) el pelo to dye (one’s) hair

  • quitarse to take off (clothing)

  • secarse to dry off

  • vestirse (i) to get dressed

Special verbs

  • casarse (con) to get married (to)

  • darse cuenta (de) to realize

  • divertirse (ie) to have fun

  • llevarse bien (con) to get along (with)

  • olvidarse (de) to forget (about)

  • preocuparse (por) to worry (about)

  • quejarse (de) to complain (about)