issues and debates summary

gender bias

• universality: conclusions drawn can be applied to everyone regardless of time or culture

• alpha bias: differences between men and women are exaggerated (e.g. Freud’s theory)

• beta bias: differences between men and women are underestimated (e.g. fight/flight)

• androcentrism: male-centred views (behaviour is judged to male standard - women often seen as abnormal)

culture bias

• cultural bias: interpreting all phenomena based on one culture (ignores cultural differences)

• ethnocentrism: one cultural group being viewed as superior