Chapter 4- Motor Development
Chapter 4: Early Motor Development
Page 1: Introduction
Definition of early motor development
Page 2: Early Motor Behavior
Spontaneous Movements:
Not caused by known external stimuli.
Reflexive Movements:
Stereotypical responses triggered by specific stimuli.
Page 3: Spontaneous Movements
Function as building blocks for voluntary movements.
Examples:
Spontaneous arm movements (resembling reaching).
Spontaneous kicking (similar to walking).
Page 4: Supine Kicking and Walking
Phases Involved:
Flexion Phase:
From an extended position to hip and knee flexing, continuing until fully flexed (pause).
Extension Phase:
Extension begins with knee extension leading to ankle plantarflexing (toe pointing).
Page 5: Infantile Reflexes
Occur rapidly after stimulus onset.
Involves single muscles or muscle groups (not whole-body response).
Persistence of reflexes past normal age may indicate neurological issues.
Page 6: Purposes of Reflexes
Built-in responses facilitate survival and adaptability.
Enable a 'dialogue' with the environment.
Reflexive movements lead to sensory consequences promoting adaptation.
Serve as foundational building blocks for future voluntary movements.
Page 7: Types of Reflexes
Primitive Reflexes:
Essential for survival.
Postural Reactions:
Assist in maintaining upright posture amidst environmental changes.
Locomotor Reflexes:
Involves moving in place.
Page 8: Table of Reflexes
Primitive Reflexes:
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex: Supine, head turn extends same-side limb.
Palmar grasping: Tight grasp upon palm touch.
Moro Reflex: Arms/legs extend and flex when startle response occurs.
Others outlined include Babinski, Sucking, and Searching reflexes.
Page 9: Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex
Triggered by turning the head to one side while in supine position.
Result: Same-side extension of arm and leg.
Page 10: Postural Reactions
Arise around 2 - 4 months of age.
Initially reflexive but become integrated into general movement repertoire.
Page 11: Postural Reaction Examples
Derotative Righting:
Supine position, legs turn to one side, trunk and head follow.
Labyrinthine righting:
Supported upright, tilting leads to head adjustments.
Page 12: Labyrinthine Righting Reflex
Position: Supported upright.
Response: Head moves to maintain an upright position.
Page 13: Locomotor Reflexes
Crawling:
Pressure to foot induces crawling pattern (0 - 4 months).
Stepping:
Placing feet on surface triggers walking pattern (0 - 5 months).
Swimming:
Initiated when placed in water (11 days - 5 months).
Page 14: Stepping Reflex
Triggered by soles on flat surface, resulting in legs moving in walking pattern.
Page 15: Reflexes to Voluntary Movement
Role of constraints causing the stepping reflex to disappear.
Examples of re-emergence in specific environments (ankle weights, water).
Page 16: Motor Milestones
Fundamental motor skills:
Building blocks for more complex skills; they are cumulative and sequential.
Pages 17 - 19: Motor Milestones (Specific Ages)
Milestones include lifting head, rolling, sitting, standing, and walking, with average ages for reaching these milestones detailed.
Illustrated with comparative developmental timelines (e.g., typical vs. delays).
Page 20: Rate Limiters in Motor Skill Acquisition
Individual constraints that can inhibit motor skill attainment.
Cultural norms influence social interactions and parenting practices.
Page 21: Postural Control and Balance
Involves the integration of sensory information and motor responses.
Continuous adaptation of sensory-motor responses in infants.
Page 22: Summary and Synthesis
Reflex appearance and disappearance is part of typical development.
Milestones follow a predictable sequence but can vary individually.
Page 23: Test Your Knowledge
Discussion points regarding individual, environmental, and task constraints affecting motor milestones.
Page 24: Atypical Development
Importance of professional screening for neurological health based on mobility delays.
Page 25: Preterm Infants
Infants born early face risks of complications related to gestational age and weight.
Page 26: Definitions of Preterm and Low Birth Weight
Classifications based on gestational weeks and birth weight.
Page 27: Short-term Health Complications
Risk of lung immaturity and brain injury in low birth weight infants.
Use of corticosteroids for prevention.
Page 28: Potential Long-term Outcomes
Risks associated with motor disorders linked to brain injury; variability based on developmental interactions.
Page 29: Outcomes in Infancy
Statistical data on motor and cognitive delays in comparison to gestational age and birth weight.
Page 30: Motor Development in Infancy
Describes hypotonicity and its implications on motor skill development especially in preterm infants.
Page 31: Motor Development - Walking
Observations that preterm infants may take more steps earlier compared to full-term infants of the same age.
Page 32: Environmental Influences
Discussion of how the environment affects brain and motor development in preterm infants in NICU settings.
Page 33: Key Points on Preterm Development
Highlights the variability and influencing factors on development in relation to early birth.
Page 34: Cerebral Palsy
Description of non-progressive motor disorders from early childhood onset and resulting in movement or posture complications.
Page 35: Severity of Cerebral Palsy
Classes based on severity: mild, moderate, severe.
Page 36: Motor Types in Cerebral Palsy
Description of conditions like spasticity, ataxia, and hypotonia among others.
Page 37: Classification by Body Part
Terms include monoplegia, hemiplegia, paraplegia, tetraplegia, and diplegia.
Page 38: Motion Disability Types
Identification of various types of motor difficulties resulting from cerebral palsy.
Page 39: Development from 0 – 12 Months
Descriptions of movement and control issues at different intervals of infancy.
Page 40: Down Syndrome
Overview of intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Delays in language and motor skills development.
Page 41: Down Syndrome Milestones
Milestones for motor skills and language compared with typical development.
Page 42: Baby Treadmills
References the use of treadmills for infant motor development studies.
Page 43: Autism Spectrum Disorders
Diagnostic criteria based on social communication deficits and restricted interests.
Page 44: Progressive Delays in Motor Development
Observations of motor delays beginning as early as 6 months, impacting engagement.
Page 45: Baby Siblings Observations at 6 Months
Increased head lag and decreased activity noted in younger siblings of children with ASD.
Page 46: ASD Early Motor Development
Documentation of critical development point between 14 to 24 months and its relation to motor delays.
Page 47: Early Trajectories
Classification of developmental tracks from accelerated to delayed pathways in motor development.
Page 48: Summary of Developmental Paths
Overview of the percentages of developmental paths among children from 6 to 36 months.