Promotional Engineer SOP & Fire Operations Study Guide
Incident Command System (ICS) & Command SOPs
The Incident Command System (ICS) shall always be operated at all incident scenes to effectively manage personnel and resources while providing for their safety and well-being.
Tactical objectives of command:
Remove endangered occupants.
Stabilize the incident and provide for life safety.
Conserve property.
Provide for the safe accountability and welfare of personnel (ongoing throughout the incident).
Functions of command:
Assume and announce command, establish command post.
Rapidly evaluate situation (size up).
Initiate, maintain, and control communication process.
Identify overall strategy, develop incident management plan, assign companies and personnel.
Develop effective incident command organization.
Review, evaluate, and revise incident management plan.
Provide for the continuity, transfer, and termination of command.
Radio designation:
The designation "Command" will be used along with the geographical location of the incident.
First arriving unit initiates command and provides an initial radio report containing:
Unit designation.
Brief description of situation.
Obvious conditions.
Declaration of strategy.
Any obvious safety considerations.
Assumption and identification of command.
Division/Group Command Officers:
Primary function is to direct the operations of their individual crews performing assigned tasks.
No crew should remain in a hazardous area without radio communication capabilities.
Company and command officers should eliminate all unnecessary radio traffic while responding unless required to ensure command functions are initiated and completed.
Continued questioning and analyzing of the incident before arrival is a waste of radio time and adds to stress levels for everyone concerned.
Transfer of Command Briefing:
Must brief the incoming officer with at least:
General situation status.
Incident conditions.
Incident management plan.
Tactical objectives.
Safety considerations.
Three Levels of Command Configuration:
Strategic level: Incident Command provides overall direction of the incident.
Coordination level: Branch officers.
Tactical level: Division or Group officers direct activities toward specific objectives and are in charge of company resources.
Task level: Company officers where the work is actually done; includes formation and utilization of single resources, task forces, and strike teams.
Resource Deployment Classifications:
Single resources.
Task force: Any combination of single resources put together for a temporary assignment to perform group functions.
Strike team: Comprises a set number of resources of the same kind and type (not rescue groups).
Incident Command Sections (FLOP):
Finance: Usually grouped with administration. Responsible for evaluation and management of the risk and financial requirements of the incident.
Logistics: The support mechanism of the organization. Responsible for providing facilities, services, and materials for the incident. Generally the first section staffed, such as REHAB.
Operations: Responsible for tactical priorities and safety/welfare of personnel working in operations section. Uses tactical channel to communicate strategic and specific objectives to division/group/branch leaders.
Planning: Responsible for gathering, analyzing, and processing info needed for effective decision-making. Identifies the need for resources before they are needed.
Operational Designations:
Divisions: Assigned to specific operation areas designated by their geographical location.
Groups: Assigned to companies designated by their function or task.
Command Staffing & Initial Roles:
First arriving fire rescue member assumes command.
Second arriving command officer level reports to the command post and assumes the support officer position.
Command shall not be transferred to an officer who is not on scene.
Safety/Accountability officer position should be staffed as soon as possible after command is established.
In fast-moving, complex operations, a span of control of no more than divisions or groups is indicated.
Incident Commander (IC) must perform all unstaffed command functions.
Mandatory Incidents Requiring Command Page:
Any working structure fire.
Multi-casualty incident.
Burn patient.
Active shooter.
Alert 3 or other significant aircraft hazard.
Entrapment, serious injury, or death of personnel.
Brush fires expanding in size beyond capabilities of initial response.
Accidents, injury, or damage to county property, vehicle, or personnel.
Hazardous materials response.
Incidents that entail closure on Interstate 95, Turnpike, state roads, or county roads.
All mutual aids.
Any incident as directed by Battalion Chief (BC) or Captain.
Company Functions, Staging, & Alarm Responses
Engine Company Functions:
Search, rescue, treatment.
Stretch hose line.
Operates nozzle.
Loss control.
DOES NOT vent or force entry.
Ladder Company Functions:
Search, rescue, treatment.
Ventilation.
Forcible entry.
Raise ladders.
Provide access, check for fire extension.
Rescue Company Functions:
Search, rescue, treatment of sick/injured.
May serve as Rapid Intervention Team (RIT).
General firefighter duties as assigned by command.
Absence of Ladder Company:
In the absence of a ladder company, command shall assign ladder functions to an engine crew.
Fire Alarm Response Levels:
Automatic fire alarm (proper code) = engine.
Automatic fire alarm = engines.
Automatic fire alarm with smoke, smell of smoke, water flow, or electrical issue = First alarm structure fire response ( engines, ladder, rescue, BC).
Pull station fire alarm = First alarm structure fire response.
Staging Levels:
Level 1 Staging:
Automatically in effect for all incidents involving a first alarm assignment.
First arriving unit goes directly to scene.
First arriving ladder company goes directly to scene and should position at the numbers or front of building depending on height.
All other units stage in direction of travel uncommitted approximately one block (within sight) from the scene.
Level 2 Staging:
Utilized when command desires to maintain a reserve of resources on scene and centralize resources.
Places all reserve resources in a central location and automatically requires implementation of a Staging Officer.
Implemented for all greater alarms (second alarm or higher) or other incidents requiring large manpower and equipment reserves.
Command assigns Staging Officer and identifies approximate staging area location, but the Staging Officer WILL DETERMINE the exact staging location.
Alarm Assignments:
1st Alarm: engines, ladder, rescue, BC.
2nd Alarm: Additional engines.
3rd Alarm: Additional engines, BC.
Working fire in a large commercial structure = Automatic 2nd alarm.
Working high-rise building fire = Automatic 3rd alarm.
Size-Up Report Elements (First Unit on Scene):
Apparent conditions: Nothing showing (investigating), Smoke showing (amount, color, location), Fire showing (amount, location), Working fire, or Fully involved.
Structure type: Occupancy (single family, commercial, etc.), Size (large, medium, small), Height (assumed one story unless reported otherwise).
Action taken: Laying line, Attacking with…, Assuming command.
Attack strategy: Offensive or defensive (quick attack, etc.).
Progress Report Benchmarks:
Water flowing (first water on fire).
Fire under control (knock down).
Primary search complete, all clear.
Secondary search complete.
Begins salvage and overhaul.
Fire out.
Utilities secured.
Fire investigator needed.
Red Cross needed or not.
Working Fire Definition:
Indicates commitment of all responding companies.
Advises dispatcher ("Indian River") and responding units that companies will be engaged in tactical activities and held on scene for an extended period (in excess of ).
Fireground Operations, Safety, & Control Zones
Radio Communications & SCBA Policy:
Plain ENGLISH radio messages must be used; there is NO official fire rescue code.
In routine fire situations, the decision to remove SCBA may be made by the company officer after approval by COMMAND.
Only command can release companies from an incident.
Cascade System Operational Standards:
Can generate air pressure up to .
Shall only be used by authorized and qualified on-duty personnel.
Checked and topped off each day after use.
Maximum of personnel in the fill room while filling.
No personnel allowed in the fill room when topping off the cascade system.
Allowable cylinder pressure difference is –.
Cylinders should be filled at a rate of per cylinder for a standard cylinder.
Water Stream Safety & Egress Rules:
Do not operate exterior streams, handlines, master streams, or ladder pipes into an area where interior crews are operating.
Establish at least separate means of egress when operating above or below ground level.
When laddering a roof, extend the ladder to above the roof line to provide visible egress.
Place ladders near corners or firewalls under fire conditions, as these areas are more stable during structural failure.
Control Zones:
Hot Zone (Exclusionary / RED Zone):
Area requiring SCBA, charged hose line, full PPE, or where firefighters are at risk of being trapped/injured.
Personnel working in hot zone must work in minimum crews of .
Warm Zone (Yellow / Limited Access Zone):
Area just outside hot zone where personnel start operations and are not immediately at risk.
Contains forward engine working incident, utility vehicles, special equipment, division/group officers meeting face-to-face with branch officers or command, and safety/accountability officers.
Cold Zone (Green / Support Zone):
Area just outside warm zone where no personnel are at risk.
Contains Command Post, Level 1 and Level 2 staging, REHAB, and support functions.
Rehabilitation (REHAB):
Entire crew must be reassigned to REHAB when crew members exhibit signs of serious physical or mental fatigue.
Structural Collapse Standards:
Collapse is always a possibility under intense fire conditions.
Unprotected steel measuring expands when heated to 1000^\circ F$.\n - In a typical fire-involved building, the roof is most likely to fail first.\n - Signs of collapse: Cracks, bulges, sounds of movement, smoke/water leaking through walls, flexible movement in floors/roof, bearing walls or columns leaning/twisting/flexing, sagging roof lines, and length of time of fire involvement (Marquee signs are NOT signs of collapse).\n - Contributing factors: Parapet walls, large open areas, large signs/marquee signs, lightweight trusses, building supported by unprotected steel.\n - Strategy evaluation: If heavy fire conditions persist after 1015\,min of interior operations, command should evaluate structural conditions and prepare to withdraw interior crews for defensive operations.\n- Evacuation Protocols:\n - Actions when building becomes untenable: Evacuate, Regroup, Account for personnel (PAR), Re-communicate, Redeploy.\n - Evacuation order signal: 35\,s each.\n - Search activities: Individual search activities should be conducted by 2 or more members when possible.\n- Elevator Rules:\n - Maximum of 2 crews at a time allowed in an elevator during an incident.\n - Crews must not use elevators without fire override control.\n - Do not use elevators if smoke or fire is visible in the elevator shaft.\n - Take elevators to the floor 2 floors below the suspected fire floor.\n- High-Rise Perimeter:\n - Perimeter established approximately 200\,ft from building for falling debris and glass hazards, observed as a high hazard area.\n - Fireground perimeter is at the discretion of command.\n - Pumpers supplying water must utilize hydrants outside the perimeter area whenever possible.\n\n# Driving, Apparatus Operation, & Staging Rules\n\n- Modes of Response:\n - Routine: Transit from one place to another.\n - Non-emergency: Responding to a call not immediate to life or property.\n - Emergency: Responding to an actual emergency.\n- Emergency Driving Rules:\n - Emergency mode allows exceeding posted speed limit if no risk to life and property exists, by no more than 10\,mph over posted limit.\n - Ladder trucks and tanker trucks shall NOT exceed the speed limit at any time.\n- Departure Requirements:\n - Before moving apparatus out of station, driver must verify cabinet doors are closed and secured, all persons are seated and belted, and stall doors are fully opened.\n - Day of the week is NOT a driving factor.\n- Apparatus Positioning & Backing:\n - Apparatus should generally be positioned at least 30\,ft away from structure, even with nothing showing.\n - Spotter for backing up must be located off the left rear corner.\n - Driver must stop immediately if visual contact with backer is lost.\n - Company officer is responsible for compliance with backing procedures, but driver is ultimately responsible for safe vehicle operation.\n - A large percentage of personnel injuries occur during routine activities at or around the station.\n- Rapid Intervention Team (RIT):\n - Minimum of 1 company assigned to RIT duties.\n - Command determines standby location near command post.\n - RIT team reserved for immediate life-threatening situations.\n\n# Accountability, Safety Protocols, & Operational Tactics\n\n- Accountability Passport System:\n - Primary passport tag: White, located on company officer's radio.\n - Back-up passport tag: Green, located in the engine.\n - Reserve passport tag: Red, located in command vehicle.\n- Personnel Accountability Report (PAR) Triggers:\n - Report of missing or trapped firefighter.\n - Change from offensive to defensive attack.\n - Sudden hazardous event at incident.\n - All crews reporting all clear on primary search (not secondary search).\n - Every 30\,min of elapsed time.\n - Report of fire under control.\n - Any time Safety/Accountability Officer or IC determines the need.\n- Accountability Officer Duties:\n - First engineer on scene becomes accountability officer until passports are collected by command or safety/accountability officer.\n - High-rise incidents: First crew enters lobby and initiates LOBBY CONTROL; engineer remains in lobby control position with passport board until relieved by IC.\n - Accountability officers must operate outside hot zone at point of entry; officers inside hot zone shall not have accountability responsibilities.\n- Experience Level Definitions:\n - Less experienced personnel: Probationary personnel or any member with less than 2\,years total experience.\n - Company officer must determine experience level of assigned personnel; entire company is responsible for ensuring safety of inexperienced crew members.\n- Response to Violence & Weapon Safety:\n - First priority is providing a safe environment for fire rescue personnel.\n - Personnel shall make every reasonable attempt not to handle or transport firearms (assume all firearms are loaded).\n - Exception: Transporting law enforcement officers with firearms.\n - If safety is a concern, retreat and stage until law enforcement arrives.\n - Weapon classifications: Common (guns, knives designed to kill) and Makeshift (anything used as a weapon not designed as one).\n- Traffic Safety & Cone Placement:\n - Downstream: Direction traffic is moving traveling away from scene.\n - Upstream: Direction traffic is traveling from as vehicle approaches incident.\n - Traffic cones placed at 15\,ft75\,ft upstream.\n - On limited access highways, cone spacing distances are doubled (30\,ft150\,ft upstream).\n- Lockout / Tagout Definitions:\n - Lockout: Securing power/machinery by physically locking control switches or valves.\n - Tagout: Securing power/machinery by attaching a tag to or near control switches or valves.\n- Safety & Rehab Operational Rules:\n - Command performs safety officer functions until position is staffed.\n - Rehab considered early in incident planning; required for almost every incident involving manual labor.\n - Mandatory rehab trigger: After 245\,min of work time.\n- After Action Review (AAR):\n - Levels: Tailboard, Battalion, Operations, Department.\n - Maximum time duration: Limited to maximum 1.5\,hrs90\,min).\n- Deceased Persons:\n - Responsibility of law enforcement, delegated by medical director.\n- High-Rise Resource Area:\n - Established 2 floors below fire floor or safe location below fire floor.\n- Safety Control Interventions:\n - Categorized as: Life-threatening situations, Non-life-threatening situations, On-going incident.\n- Initial Roof Group Officer Report to Command:\n - Roof design/construction.\n - Structural conditions.\n - Fire conditions / effects of fire on roof.\n - Location of firewalls.\n - Location of heavy objects.\n - Ventilation plan.\n- Roof Group Objectives:\n - Determine safe working surface.\n - Complete adequate size ventilation.\n - Coordinate roof ventilation as directed by command.\n - Coordinate roof fire control.\n - Maintain rooftop monitoring.\n- Basic Tactical Priorities:\n - Rescue (Primary search complete).\n - Fire control (Under control).\n - Loss control (Loss stopped).\n- Seven Sides of a Division:\n - Front, Rear, Right side, Left side, Top, Bottom, Interior.\n- Defensive Operations & Control Definitions:\n - Defensive priorities: Personal safety first, protect exposures second, knock down main body of fire third.\n - Fire under control: Forward progress of fire stopped and remaining fire handled with on-scene resources (does NOT mean fire is completely out).\n- Search & Apparatus Placement Tactics:\n - Time is critical factor in primary search process.\n - Placement of initial engine, ladder, and rescue based on scene size-up and arrival conditions.\n - Incident Commander determines strategy; building layout should not.\n - Vehicle fires: Minimum hose line size is 1.75\,in1 \frac{3}{4}\,in); place apparatus uphill and upwind if possible.\n - Park apparatus 30\,ft away from structure with nothing showing.\n - Do not hook up to hydrants so close to fire building that structural failure or fire extension jeopardizes apparatus.\n- Thermal Imaging Cameras (TIC):\n - Provides means for locating victims and fire expeditiously.\n - Officer or Acting Officer (OOR LT) responsible for carrying TIC into structure whenever initial response involves full assignment regardless of size-up.\n- Air Operations Specifications:\n - Landing Zone (LZ): Flat, free of obstructions, minimum area 100\,ft \times 100\,ft\n - LZ distance: Placed at least 300\,ft away from other activities.\n - Patient staging distance: Stage patients waiting to be loaded at least 150\,ft away.\n- Water Supply & Hose Stream Operations:\n - Each engine carries a minimum of 1500\,ft of supply hose.\n - Attack line objective: Provide enough GPM to overcome heat/volume produced or effectively cool and protect exposures.\n - Hose stream placement:\n - First stream placed between fire and endangered persons.\n - If no life is endangered, place first stream between fire and most severely exposed/unburned area.\n - Position hose lines to support rescue, begin confinement, protect exposures, and control loss.\n - Fog stream restriction: Do NOT use fog streams in basements or confined spaces.\n - Sprinkler & Alarm systems:\n - Automatic sprinklers must NOT be shut down until fire is extinguished and approved by command.\n - Silence alarms only; do NOT reset.\n - Property owner is responsible for resetting fire alarm systems; fire rescue can assist with IC approval.\n- Firefighting Tactics & High-Rise Operations:\n - Master streams are most effective tactic in defensive operations.\n - Booster lines are NOT attack lines.\n - Solid streams: Greater penetration, reach, and striking power; less steam conversion.\n - Fog streams: Increased heat absorption/expansion; shorter reach; effective in confined spaces and protecting exposures.\n - Tactical support activities assist active fire control and rescue.\n - Do NOT operate hose lines (especially ladder pipes) down ventilation holes.\n - Topsides ventilation keeps roofs intact longer.\n - Force doors rather than picking locks.\n - Early calls for additional resources save operations.\n - High-rise building definition: Building/structure higher than 224\,ft ground ladder.\n - Aggressive coordinated attack is most effective tactical option on high-rise operations.\n - Establishing command in street is secondary to establishing lobby control and identifying fire location.\n- Lobby Control Responsibilities:\n - Elevator control.\n - Stairwell control.\n - Building communication system.\n - System controls at ground level.\n - Stockpiling and dispatching equipment from lobby to resource area.\n- Resource Area & Building Systems Liaison:\n - Resource area: Located 2 floors below fire floor; acts as forward staging area, equipment stockpile, and rehab area.\n - Building Systems Liaison: Reports directly to command and relieves lobby control of building systems responsibilities.\n- Wildland & Brush Fire SOPs:\n - Key factors: Weather and fuel.\n - Most brush fires occur in winter and early spring.\n - Overhaul guidelines: Overhaul thoroughly; on large fires, overhaul at least 100\,yd into main burn from perimeter.\n - Fuel Classifications:\n - Light fuels (grasses): Most common, most dangerous.\n - Moderate fuels (palmettos, gallberry): Burns hotter, spreads slower than light fuels.\n - Heavy fuels (larger around than a thumb): Burns fastest, spreads slowest.\n- Specialized Incidents (Bomb, Drug Labs, Bees):\n - Bomb/Explosive threats: Dispatch contacts on-duty BC who authorizes HazMat 1st alarm. On-scene report given minimum \frac{1}{4}\,mile1320\,ft) away. Do not enter building to search; assist in isolation and site security.\n - Clandestine Drug Labs: Equipment substituted with unsafe items; booby traps armed when abandoned; shutting off water supply to cooking process can cause explosion. Personnel must withdraw to safe location upon encountering. Flame colors may appear bright, dark orange, or multicolored.\n - Africanized Honey Bees: Far more aggressive and territorial than European bees (delivers \approx 10\times\frac{1}{4}\,mile1320\,ft\frac{1}{2}\,mile from incident.\n- Hurricane Operational Parameters:\n - Wind Speed Categories:\n - Category 1: 7495\,mph.\n - Category 2: 96110\,mph.\n - Category 3: 111130\,mph.\n - Category 4: 131155\,mph.\n - Category 5: Winds greater than 155\,mph\n - Landfall Status Levels:\n - Level 1: Landfall less than 24\,hr away.\n - Level 2: Landfall 2436\,hr away.\n - Level 3: Landfall 3648\,hr away.\n - Level 4: Landfall 4872\,hr away.\n - Definitions:\n - Hurricane Threat: Expectation that a watch will soon be issued.\n - Hurricane Watch: Sustained winds of 74\,mph36\,hr\n - Hurricane Warning: Sustained winds of 74\,mph24\,hr or less.\n - Season: June 1st through November 30th.\n - Mutual Aid Staging Areas: Piper Aircraft (logistical staging), Barber Street Sports Complex, Indian River County (IRC) Fairgrounds, City of Vero Municipal Airport.\n - Search Marking System:\n - Mark exact location of victims using high-contrast colored lumber crayons.\n - If searched with no victims found, mark with an "X".\n - Outline a 2\,ft \times 2\,ft square box at any accessible entrance.\n - Use International Orange aerosol spray cans for marking severely damaged buildings.\n - Mark one slash inside square upon entry, second slash upon exit.\n - Bottom of slashes inside square notes number of dead, alive, or no victims.\n- Safe Haven Law Protocol:\n - Parents may drop off newborns approximately 7\,days old or less at a fire station.\n - Baby must be unharmed.\n - Fire rescue personnel immune from civil/criminal liability when acting in good faith.\n- Loss Control, Overhaul, & Fire Watch SOPs:\n - Primary action to reduce damage is putting fire out rapidly.\n - Overhaul main objective: Seek out and extinguish remaining fire and control loss.\n - IC sole responsibility to ensure fire is completely out and does not rekindle.\n - Blown-in insulation documented to rekindle up to 72\,hrs after fire declared out.\n - Fire Watch Levels:\n - Level 1: Scheduled drive-by / walk-through approximately 1\,hr2\,hrs later.\n - Level 2: One or more persons remaining on scene.\n - Level 3: At least one engine company remaining on scene.\n- Fire Cause Investigation & State Investigator Triggers:\n - Required for structure fires, explosions, fire code situations, and fires causing injury, death, or property loss/damage.\n - Fire rescue responsible for determining origin and responsible party when possible.\n - Officer in charge decides when State Fire Investigator is required.\n - State Fire Investigator requested for:\n - Fire deaths or injuries requiring transport.\n - All working structure fires.\n - Traffic accidents involving death from fire.\n - Fires where on-scene IC cannot determine cause.\n - All explosives and bombings.\n - Law enforcement requests due to arson.\n - Fires, explosions, injuries, or deaths involving LPG or natural gas.\n - Command assigns personnel to protect and maintain scene custody until investigator arrives.\n - Delay non-essential overhaul until investigator arrives to protect evidence.\n\n# Fire Apparatus, Pumps, & Equipment Specifications\n\n- Fire Apparatus General Specifications:\n - Pumping apparatus and mobile water supply typed based on capability.\n - Defective/broken equipment documented and reported per established AHJ policy.\n - Main purpose of fire pumpers: Provide adequate water pressure for effective fire streams.\n - Standard Fire Pumper minimum ratings: Pump capacity of 750\,gpm300\,gal\n - Mobile Water Supply (Water Tender/Tanker) minimum ratings: Carries minimum 1000\,gal\n - Mobile Water Supply functions:\n - Shuttle operations: Offloads tank into dump site and returns for water.\n - Nurse tender: Parked close to incident; pumpers connect directly to tender.\n - Uses quick dump valves to offload into folding portable water tanks.\n - Wildland Apparatus: Lightweight, all-terrain, highly maneuverable; features pump-and-roll system and ground sweep nozzles.\n - Quint minimum water tank capacity: 300\,gal\n- Auxiliary Electrical Power Systems:\n - Inverter: Converts 12\,V24\,V110220\,V AC; powers vehicle-mounted lights, movable short distances.\n - Generators: Most common power source for emergency services.\n - Portable generators: Powered by small gas/diesel engines (110220\,V capability).\n - Vehicle-mounted generators: Powered by gas, diesel, PTO, or hydraulic systems; capacities up to 12000\,W\n- Inspection & Maintenance SOPs:\n - New apparatus paint care: Wash using cold water for first 6\,months to harden paint and prevent spotting.\n - Shift change consultation: Relieved driver consults relieving driver regarding incident activity and equipment usage.\n - Mirror adjustments: At start of shift or when driving responsibilities change.\n - Walk-around inspection: Starts at driver's door and proceeds clockwise.\n - Wheel chocks: Applied whenever apparatus is parked.\n - Load Sequencer: Turns on lights at specified intervals to prevent start-up electrical overload.\n - Load Monitor: Shuts down non-essential electrical equipment during electrical overload.\n - Clutch Free Play: Distance pedal is pushed before throw-out bearing contacts clutch release fingers.\n - Steering Wheel Play: Maximum 10^\circ2\,in20\,in steering wheel).\n - Weight & Cab Definitions:\n - Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR): Maximum safe operating weight specified by manufacturer.\n - Curb Weight: Weight of empty apparatus fresh off assembly line with no tools, equipment, water, or passengers.\n - Tilt Cab: Cab that lowers over the powertrain.\n- Braking Systems & Safety Inspections:\n - Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS): Reduces slide, jackknife, or spin possibilities during heavy braking.\n - Testing frequency: Apparatus brake testing conducted at least annually.\n - Modern batteries give off explosive hydrogen gas.\n - Post-Trip Inspection: Performed after extended apparatus operation.\n - Operational Readiness Test: Inspection ensuring equipment is in place, clean, and ready for service.\n - Functional Check: Operating specific system/component to verify proper function.\n - Pump Flushing: Flush pump system after operating at draft from a static water supply.\n - Air Pressure Protection Valve: Prevents air horns or non-essential air devices from operating when reservoir pressure drops below 80\,psi\n - Brake Fade: Loss of braking function resulting from excessive brake use.\n\n# Driving Safety, Apparatus Positioning, & Principles of Hydraulics\n\n- Driving Safety Regulations & Concepts:\n - Driver maintains skills through refresher courses.\n - Federal DOT establishes basic driver licensing requirements; states/provinces modify as needed.\n - Non-emergency driving subject to all traffic regulations.\n - School Bus Law: Apparatus is NOT exempt from stopping for a school bus with flashing lights loading/unloading passengers.\n - Legal Terminology:\n - Reckless Disregard: Proceeding to do something with conscious awareness of danger.\n - Negligence: Breach of duty failing to perform at required standard of law or expected of a reasonable person.\n - Due Regard: Driving with safety considerations for others using highway.\n - Situational Awareness: Perception of surroundings and ability to anticipate future events.\n- Collision Factors & Vehicle Clearance Angles:\n - Intersections: Most common location for apparatus collisions.\n - Angle of Approach: Angle formed by level ground and line from front tire contact point to lowest projection at front of apparatus.\n - Angle of Departure: Angle formed by level ground and line from rear tire contact point to lowest projection at rear of apparatus.\n - Breakover Angle: Angle formed by level ground and lines from rear tire contact point to bottom of frame at wheelbase midpoint.\n- Driving Maneuvers & Stopping Distances:\n - Downhill driving: Limit speeds to lower maximum engine RPM.\n - Bridges freeze/get slippery faster than other roadways during adverse weather.\n - Red light intersections: Apparatus must come to a complete stop before proceeding.\n - Avoid passing vehicles on the right side.\n - Skids: Excessive or abrupt braking is primary cause.\n - Sirens / Audible warnings: Above 50\,mph, apparatus may outrun effective range of audible warning device.\n - Multi-apparatus response spacing: Travel at least 300\,ft500\,ft apart along same route.\n - Stopping Distance Elements:\n - Visual Lead Time: Time needed to stop apparatus or perform evasive maneuver at current speed.\n - Reaction Distance: Distance traveled while driver transfers foot from accelerator to brake pedal after perceiving hazard.\n - Braking Distance: Distance traveled from brake application until complete stop.\n - Total Stopping Distance: Sum of reaction distance and braking distance.\n- Auxiliary Retarders:\n - Engine Compression Brake: Electronically actuated mechanical system added to engine valve train.\n - Electromagnetic Retarder: Mounted in driveline or rear axle; uses electric coils to dissipate heat through cooling vanes.\n - Transmission Retarder: Uses viscous properties of automatic transmission fluid to retard driveline.\n - Bleeder valves: Always open drain/bleeder valve before removing inlet/discharge cap.\n- Apparatus Positioning Guidelines:\n - Position past building front when possible to allow viewing 3 sides of structure.\n - Collapse Zone: Maintain clear zone of 1.5 \times building height; building corners are safest positioning spots.\n - Position upwind of hazardous liquids (prevent flow under apparatus) and downhill for wildland fires.\n - High-Rise positioning: Apparatus within 200\,ft of base must protect against falling glass/debris.\n - Railroads: Maintain clear zone of at least 30\,ft from tracks.\n- Water Supply Operations & Definitions:\n - Drafting: Acquiring water from static source and transferring to pump above source level.\n - Static Water Supply: Water at rest providing no pressure head (e.g., dry hydrant, lake, stream, swimming pool).\n - Water Safety: Personal Flotation Device (PFD) required when working near edge of bodies of water.\n - Hose connections: Connect ONLY hard intake hose designed for positive pressure to hydrants.\n - Specialized Pumping Setups:\n - Dual Pumping: Strong hydrant used to supply 2\rightarrow\rightarrow Pumper).\n - Tandem Pumping: Short relay operation where pumper at source pumps into intake of second pumper to boost pressure higher (up to 300\,ft apart). Tandem increases water pressure; Relay increases water volume.\n- Wildland & HazMat Positioning:\n - Wildland attack begins from Anchor Point (man-made or natural barrier where fire line starts).\n - Apparatus positioned facing direction of exit path.\n - Drivers must NOT attempt to ford streams (traverse standing water).\n - HazMat positioning: Approach uphill and upwind.\n- Physics & Properties of Water:\n - Composition: 21H_2O).\n - Freezing point: Below 32^\circ F.\n - Boiling point: Above 212^\circ F\n - Weight: Ordinary fresh water weighs 62.4\,lbs/ft^38.3\,lbs/gal).\n - Expansion ratio: At 212^\circ F1700\times original volume.\n - Pressure definition: Force per unit area.\n - Force definition: Simple measure of weight.\n - Velocity: Speed at which fluid travels through hose/pipe.\n- Six Principles of Fluid Pressure:\n - First Principle: Fluid pressure is perpendicular to any surface on which it acts.\n - Second Principle: Fluid pressure at a point in fluid at rest is same intensity in all directions.\n - Third Principle: Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.\n - Fourth Principle: Pressure of liquid in open vessel is proportional to its depth.\n - Fifth Principle: Pressure of liquid in open vessel is proportional to density of liquid.\n - Sixth Principle: Pressure of liquid at bottom of vessel is independent of shape of vessel.\n- Atmospheric & Head Pressure Calculations:\n - Atmospheric pressure at sea level: 14.7\,psi1\,psi = 2.04\,in\,Hg).\n - Perfect Vacuum: Absolute zero pressure.\n - Converting Head Feet to PSI: Divide height in feet by 2.304\n- Water Flow Terminology:\n - Static Pressure: Stored potential energy available to force water through pipes/fittings.\n - Residual Pressure: Portion of total available pressure remaining when water is flowing.\n - Flow Pressure (Velocity Pressure): Forward velocity pressure of water discharging from opening.\n - Elevation Loss/Gain: Pressure changes due to gravity (-0.5\,psi1000\,ft elevation rise).\n - Critical Velocity: Agitation caused by degree of turbulence in hose line.\n - Friction Loss factors: Older hose friction loss can increase by up to 50\%\n - Water Hammer: Force created by rapid deceleration of water flow causing pressure surge.\n- Distribution Systems & Valves:\n - Direct Pumping System: Pumps pull from source, filter/treat, and pump into grid.\n - Gravity System: Water source elevated above distribution area.\n - Combination System: Uses direct pumping and gravity storage tanks combined.\n - Grid System Components: Primary Feeders (large mains), Secondary Feeders (intermediate network), Distributors (small mains serving individual hydrants/blocks).\n - Valve Inspection: Public water system valves operated at least once a year.\n - Indicating Valves: Post Indicator Valve (PIV) and Outside Screw & Yoke (OS&Y).\n - Non-Indicating Valves: Gate valves (most common in public systems).\n\n# Nozzles, Flow Rates, Pump Theory, & Foam Systems\n\n- Nozzle Types & Characteristics:\n - Solid Stream: Smooth bore nozzle, fixed orifice; smooth reduction to cylindrical bore.\n - Fog Stream: Water divided into fine particles; stream reach determined by width, particle size, wind, and flow volume.\n - Constant Flow Fog Nozzle: Discharges specific volume of water at specified nozzle pressure across patterns.\n - Automatic Fog Nozzle: Variable flow nozzle maintaining constant nozzle pressure across pattern changes.\n - High Pressure Fog Nozzle: Low volume, high velocity; best for wildland fires.\n - Specialized Nozzles:\n - Cellar Nozzle (Distributor): Lowered into cellar openings.\n - Piercing (Penetrating) Nozzle: Used in aircraft firefighting, car fires, attics, and void spaces.\n - Chimney Nozzle: Solid brass nozzle with impinging holes for chimney flues.\n- Friction Losses & Pressure Terms:\n - Master stream devices friction loss: 25\,psi loss regardless of flow.\n - Appliances friction loss: 10\,psi350\,gpm\n - Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP): Actual total pressure discharged by pump.\n - Net Pump Discharge Pressure (NPDP): Pressure produced by pump (difference between intake and discharge pressure).\n- Pump Classification & Mechanics:\n - Positive Displacement Pumps: Piston or Rotary (Gear/Vane); self-priming, constant flow per stroke/revolution regardless of pressure; used as priming devices.\n - Rotary Vane Pumps: Off-center rotor; vanes forced against housing; common priming pump.\n - Centrifugal Pumps: Non-positive displacement; depends on velocity imparted by rotating impeller converting to pressure inside volute chamber; cannot pump air; non-self-priming.\n - Transfer Valve (Multistage Pumps): Switching from volume to pressure mode can double discharge pressure immediately.\n - Pump Components:\n - Clapper / Check Valve: Permits water flow in one direction only.\n - Wear Rings: Replaceable rings providing clearance between impeller and casing.\n - Hydrostatic Test: Pump and piping must withstand 500\,psi hydrostatic test.\n - Valve Types: Ball valves (push-pull, t-handle, quarter-turn), Gate valves (handwheel), Butterfly valves (quarter-turn).\n- Governors & Cavitation Protections:\n - Electronic Pressure Governor: Adjusts engine throttle to maintain set discharge pressure.\n - Cavitation Protection: Electronic governor returns engine to idle if intake pressure drops below 30\,psi\n - Cavitation: Vacuum pockets form inside impeller vanes due to localized low pressure, causing vibration, inefficiency, and impeller damage.\n- Priming Systems:\n - Types: Positive displacement (rotary gear/vane), exhaust, vacuum, and air primers.\n - Air Priming System: Uses compressor airline to jet pump creating Venturi effect (no moving parts or lubricants).\n- Drafting Calculations & Lift Specifications:\n - Theoretical Lift: Maximum scientific height water can be lifted by atmospheric pressure in a true vacuum (33.9\,ft at sea level).\n - Maximum Lift: Maximum height water raised by pump vacuum (\approx 25\,ft).\n - Dependable Lift: Height water lifted to provide reliable fire flow (recommended maximum lift no greater than 20\,ft).\n - Standpipe friction loss: 25\,psi350\,gpm\n- Relay Pumping Operations:\n - Pump Rated Capacities at Net Pressures:\n - 100\%150\,psi NPDP.\n - 70\%200\,psi NPDP.\n - 50\%250\,psi NPDP.\n - Pumping Relay Starting Procedure: Start pumping at idle, increase in 10\,psi175\,psi\n- Water Shuttle Specifications:\n - Fill Site Pumper Capacity: Minimum 1000\,gpm\n - Portable Dump Tank Capacity: Minimum 500\,gal\n - Do NOT fill tenders using open hose butts or portable fill devices due to line reaction safety hazards.\n- Foam System Terminology & Chemistry:\n - Foam Concentrate: Raw liquid foam in storage container.\n - Foam Proportioner: Device injecting correct concentrate ratio into water stream.\n - Foam Solution: Mixture of foam concentrate and water prior to aeration.\n - Finished Foam: Aerated mixture of foam solution and air.\n - Class B Fuels:\n - Hydrocarbons: Petroleum-based (crude oil, gasoline, benzene, kerosene); specific gravity less than 1.0; do not mix with water.\n - Polar Solvents: Miscible liquids that mix with water (alcohol, acetone, ketones, esters).\n - Class B foam acts by separating, cooling, and suppressing/smothering vapors.\n - Batch Mixing: Pouring concentrate directly into water tank (most common with Class A foam).\n- Foam Line Operational Parameters:\n - Nozzle flow rate: 125\,gpm\n - Maximum hose length (1.75\,in250\,ft\n - Operating pressure: Constant 200\,psi\n- Apparatus Testing Parameters:\n - Hydrostatic Test: Minimum 500\,psi10\,min\n - Performance Test NPDPs: Evaluated at 150\,psi200\,psi250\,psi net discharge pressures.\n\n# Collective Bargaining Agreement & Department Administrative SOPs\n\n- Bargaining Agreement & Union Guidelines:\n - Union and County reserve rights to file with PERC for bargaining unit clarification.\n - Governed by laws of State of Florida, county ordinances, and emergency services regulations.\n - Invalidated sections trigger immediate negotiations for replacements.\n - Union Leave:\n - Union President, Secretary, or alternate allowed up to 3\,weeks unpaid off for seminars, conferences, or conventions.\n - Up to 4 members of union negotiation team allowed off with pay (no overtime) for scheduled bargaining meetings.\n - Joint Labor Management Committee: Consists of 33 reps designated by Fire Chief (Director of Emergency Services and Union President not required to attend).\n - Dues Deduction Revocation: Written 30\,day notice to County and Union.\n - Criminal Charges: Employees must immediately notify Fire Chief if information/charges are filed against them by prosecuting officials.\n - Management Rights & Meetings: Management retains customary rights; party requesting meeting must forward agenda at least 3\,days prior.\n - Bulletin Boards: Union allowed bulletin board in each station.\n - Grievances: Claimed violation of agreement, including discharge/disciplinary action.\n - Damaged Personal Items: Reimbursed/approved by Fire Chief if damaged in line of duty without employee negligence.\n - Workplace Safety Committee: 33 county reps meeting quarterly per Florida Statute.\n - Medical Exams: Adhere to EMS Protocols; Chest X-rays given no more frequently than once every 3\,years\n- Work Schedules, Leave Accruals, & Kelly Days:\n - Shift Schedule: 24\,hours48\,hours28\,day FLSA work period).\n - Kelly Days: Effective June 1, 2024, shift employees granted an unpaid scheduled day off every 6\,weeks\n - Maximum 5 Kelly day slots per shift (effective June 1, 2023).\n - Maximum 7 Kelly day slots per shift (effective June 1, 2024).\n - Approved Leave Limits: Maximum 7 employees allowed off on approved leave per shift (excluding Kelly days).\n - Property Replacement: Lost items ordered within 7\,business\,days of report.\n - Bargaining Unit Vacancies: Filling vacancies is at sole discretion of Fire Chief.\n- Promotional Exams & Career Progression:\n - Examination Schedule: Held during August and September (Fire Chief may reschedule after consulting Union President).\n - Rescue Sergeant Requirements: Minimum 3\,years2\,years as protocoled released paramedic.\n - New Hire EMT/Paramedic Requirements: Must attain paramedic certification within initial 24\,months12\,months from certification date.\n - Promotional Trial Period: 12\,months duration.\n - Tie-Breaking Rules: Raw score ties broken by years of service points for Engineer, and years of rank service for Officers.\n - Education Points Added to Final Grade: 510 points for BS/BA degree.\n- Shift Exchanges & Working Out of Classification:\n - Shift Exchange Limit: Maximum 312\,hours per fiscal year.\n - Sick Leave on Shift Exchange: Vacation leave charged to employee who agreed to work exchange if they call out sick.\n - Outside Employment: Prohibited within 8\,hours prior to start of assigned shift.\n - Working Out of Classification Pay: Additional \$2.50 per hour for time actually worked in higher classification.\n- Leave Allowances & Accruals:\n - Bereavement Leave: Up to 2390\,days of death with documentation.\n - Recognized Holidays: 11 paid holidays.\n - Non-working/Kelly day holiday pay: 12\,hours regular pay.\n - Working holiday pay: 12\,hours overtime pay.\n - Medical Leave Accrual: 12\,hours accrued per month.\n - Abuse definition: 230\,day period.\n - Family Sick Limit: Maximum 52.5 shifts.\n - Maximum Medical Accumulation (Hired before May 25, 2015): Up to 1200\,hours at anniversary date.\n - Maximum Medical Accumulation (Hired after May 25, 2015): Up to 600\,hours\n - Usage Increments: Charged in 12\,hour72\,hrs< 24\,hrs).\n - Fit for Duty Certification: Required for medical leave lasting 21\,calendar\,days24\,hrs prior to return).\n - Vacation Leave Accrual (Shift Employees / Non-Shift Employees):\n - Years 1–5: 132\,hours75\,hours non-shift per year.\n - Years 6–10: 192\,hours112.5\,hours non-shift per year.\n - Year 11+: Additional day per year up to maximum 252\,hours per year.\n - Maximum Carryover (Hired before May 25, 2015): 504\,hours\n - Maximum Carryover (Hired after May 25, 2015): 360\,hours\n - Leaves of Absence (30+\,days): Requires Fire Chief approval.\n - Mileage Reimbursement: Submitted within 30\,calendar\,days\n - Overtime Occurrence Definition: Any additional assignment worked of 12 or more continuous hours.\n - Out-of-town recall from vacation: District assumes all travel costs.\n- Incentive & Longevity Pay Structure:\n - Special Ops Rank Limit: Lieutenant is highest rank occupying Special Ops slot.\n - EMS FTO & Special Ops FTO: \$80 bi-weekly.\n - Special Ops Slot (40120\$40 bi-weekly.\n - Legacy Special Ops Incentive (Up to 15\$35 bi-weekly.\n - Honor Guard & MSA G1: \$25 bi-weekly.\n - Pay Plan: 14 step pay plan.\n - Longevity Pay:\n - 1524\,years\$1500 annual (payable bi-weekly).\n - 25+\,years\$3000 annual (payable bi-weekly).\n- Miscellaneous Administrative Rules:\n - Annual Linen Provision: Bedding, sheets, pillowcases supplied annually.\n - Lost/Damaged PPE: Employee responsible for cost of lost/damaged equipment due to negligence.\n - Call-out Pay: Notice given less than 12\,hours3\,hours1.5\times\ge 12\,hours notice).\n - Promotional Testing Material: Provided 90\,days3\,business\,days\n - Criminal Drug Status Change: Disciplinary action taken within 30\,days\n - Tobacco Prohibition: Employees hired after October 1, 2000 shall abstain from tobacco products both on and off duty.\n - Digital Copy of Rule/SOP Changes: Provided to Union at least 10\,business\,days prior to implementation.\n\n# Department Rules, Regulations, & Daily Schedules\n\n- General Rules of Conduct & Definitions:\n - Efficiency: First rule of employee conduct.\n - Prime Function: Preservation of lives and property of people of Indian River County.\n - Rule Revision Posting: Posted on bulletin boards at least 2\,weeks prior to effective date.\n - Chain of Command: Unbroken line of authority from administration through single subordinate at each level down to execution and return.\n - General Order: Permanent written order issued by administration.\n - "May" is permissive; "Shall" is mandatory.\n - Insubordination: Failure or deliberate refusal to obey lawful order given by superior officer.\n - Vehicle Accident Protocol: Immediately contact on-duty Battalion Chief, who completes IRC accident policy.\n - Trial Period: 12\,month trial period in new position.\n - Exam Duration: 2.5\,hours allowed for taking each examination.\n - Types of Appointments: Permanent, Student, Emergency, Part-Time (\le 29\,hrs/week\le 6\,months1\,year probation).\n - Seniority Months Schedule:\n - November: Takes leave in January, February, March.\n - February: Takes leave in April, May, June.\n - May: Takes leave in July, August, September.\n - August: Takes leave in October, November, December.\n - Unauthorized Absence: 3 consecutive days or shifts considered voluntary resignation.\n- Disciplinary Offense Groups:\n - Group 1 Offenses: 1st = Oral warning; 2nd = Written warning; 3rd = Up to 5\,days suspension; 4th = Up to discharge.\n - Group 2 Offenses: 1st = Written reprimand; 2nd = Up to 5\,days suspension; 3rd = Up to discharge.\n - Group 3 Offenses: 1st = Up to discharge (Gross neglect in performing assigned duties is a Group 3 offense).\n- Daily Cleaning & Maintenance Schedule:\n - Daily Tasks: Wash trucks, equipment checks, sweep/mop, clean/sanitize equipment, review/complete all reports.\n - Sunday: Med supply.\n - Monday: Monday checks and mileage to FLEETIO, submit LP gas, submit fire extinguisher supply (Station 1 only), submit Knox form.\n - 1st Monday of Month: Station inspection, detail drive equipment, detail crash truck, detail OPS 14, inspect/wash/maintain ladders.\n - 1st Tuesday of Month: Clean/wipe/dust AC vents, clean interior windows.\n - 1st Wednesday of Month: Pull out refrigerators and sweep/mop/dust behind.\n - 1st Thursday of Month: Clean and wipe baseboards.\n - 1st Friday of Month: Sweep/mop under beds and furniture, clean sleeping quarters, clean fixtures and fans.\n - 1st Saturday of Month: Inspect and initial all portable fire extinguishers at station.\n - Last Day of Month: Check fluid/drug expirations, rotate med supply by expiration date, attach fuel receipts to log form.\n - Station Supply Order: Submitted on the 28th of the month.\n- General Orders SOP Details:\n - Fire Extinguisher Inspection: Conducted 1st Saturday of month; confirm gauge in normal range, check nozzle deployment, check rust/corrosion, date and initial tag.\n - Knox Key Control: Fire Marshal receives Fire Chief approval prior to key issuance; combinations changed periodically; annual key inventory reported to Fire Chief; lost/stolen keys reported immediately; monthly accounting form submitted 1st of month.\n - Extended Leave Remediation: Applies to personnel returning after approved leave or absence exceeding 120\,days205104\,hrs8\,hrs before Fire Chief consultation).\n - Shift Change SOP: Applies to operations personnel; takes place no later than 0800\,hrs0730\,hrs0800\,hrs and entered in log. Proper relief required before going off duty.\n - Daily Log SOP: Maintained by station officers, Captains, and Battalions. Logs personnel assignments, keys/radios, unit checks, work orders, training, policy reviews, borrowed equipment, and calls for service. Oncoming officer reviews previous 2 shifts and initials entry.\n - Tuition Reimbursement: Requires 3\,years10\,days80\%65\%50\%2\,years100\%\n - Patient Refusal SOP: Transports intended for all 9111\ge 18\,years1818 married/emancipated. If signature refused, notify Tech 1 or BC.\n - Mass Transit Incidents: Incident involving school district or care facility with no injuries/complaints requires ONE PCR for non-patients with representative signature.\n\n# Hydraulics Quick Reference, Formulas, & Operational Standards\n\n- Standard Nozzle Pressures:\n - Smooth bore handline: 50\,psi\n - ALL fog nozzles: 100\,psi\n - Master stream smooth bore: 80\,psi\n- Standard Friction Losses:\n - Master stream device: 25\,psi\n - Aerial device: 25\,psi\n - Appliance (if GPM > 35010\,psi\n - Elevation Loss / Gain: \pm 5\,psi10\,ft elevation.\n- Friction Loss per 100\,ft of Hose:\n - 1 \frac{3}{4}\,in20\,psi\n - 1 \frac{3}{4}\,in30\,psi\n - 1 \frac{3}{4}\,in30\,psi\n - 3\,in5\,psi\n- Nozzle Tip GPM Flow Ratings:\n - Master Stream Tips:\n - 1 \frac{1}{4}\,in400\,gpm\n - 1 \frac{3}{8}\,in500\,gpm\n - 1 \frac{1}{2}\,in600\,gpm\n - 1 \frac{5}{8}\,in700\,gpm\n - 1 \frac{3}{4}\,in800\,gpm\n - 1 \frac{7}{8}\,in900\,gpm\n - 2\,in1000\,gpm\n - Handline Tips:\n - \frac{7}{8}\,in160\,gpm\n - \frac{15}{16}\,in175\,gpm\n - 1\,in200\,gpm\n - 1 \frac{1}{8}\,in250\,gpm\n - 1 \frac{1}{4}\,in300\,gpm\n- Standard FDC Supply Pressures:\n - Standpipe System: 100\,psi\n - Sprinkler System: 100\,psi\n- Foam Line Operational Rules:\n - Appropriate nozzle size: 125\,gpm\n - Maximum hose length (1 \frac{3}{4}\,in250\,ft\n - Constant operating pressure: 200\,psi\n- Water Supply Residual Drop Rules (Static Pressure Drop Table):\n - Drop \le 10\%3 additional lines of equal value.\n - Drop \le 15\%2 additional lines of equal value.\n - Drop \le 25\%1 additional line of equal value.\n - Drop > 25\%0 additional lines of equal value.\n - Static Drop Values Reference:\n - Static 40\,psi10\% = 4.0\,psi15\% = 6.0\,psi25\% = 10.0\,psi\n - Static 50\,psi10\% = 5.0\,psi15\% = 7.5\,psi25\% = 12.5\,psi\n - Static 55\,psi10\% = 5.5\,psi15\% = 8.25\,psi25\% = 12.5\,psi\n - Static 60\,psi10\% = 6.0\,psi15\% = 9.0\,psi25\% = 15.0\,psi\n - Static 70\,psi10\% = 7.0\,psi15\% = 10.5\,psi25\% = 17.5\,psi\n- Reverse Lay Equipment Assignment Responsibilities:\n - 12 \frac{1}{2}\,in hose, Adapters.\n - 11 \frac{3}{4}\,in hose, High-rise bag.\n - 2 \frac{1}{2}\,in nozzle, Milwaukee load.\n - Bag of rope, Spare bottles.\n - Irons.\n- Pressure & Connection Rules:\n - Supplying Wye/Siamese: When supplying a device, Wye, or Siamese with 2 or more lines of different diameters or lengths, engine pressure is calculated based on the line with the greater friction loss.\n - Hydrant Connection Rule: A 2 \frac{1}{2}\,in2 \frac{1}{2}\,in$$ discharge every time a hydrant hookup is made, regardless of hose size used.