Key Concepts of AP WORLD
3.1 - A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies
1. New innovations for ships were made such as the magnetic compass and rudder were made, this lead to other civilizations to explore what is more around the world
2. Trade networks are developed throughout this period such as the silk road and the Indian ocean trade
3. Urdu, language that got combined and blended with Arabic, Hindu, and Persian elements
4. The Bubonic plague, a deadly disease carried by the Mongols to Europe which wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s population
5. China’s flying cash system, a credit system that enhances trading experience
6. Hanseatic League, Germany created an alliance between merchant guilds to protect traders from being robbed
7. Slavery is a common thing in this time for workforce, and slaves were regarded in the bottom class
8. Religion grew as missionaries around the world traveled using the Silk Road.
3.2 - state formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions.c
1. Diversity is thriving as more Buddhist and Hindu states came to a rise in Southeast and South Asia
2. As Empires fell in this period. More form of government came up and thus imperial states are created to replace the old Empires .
3. The Mongols interacted with China during their conquest and during this interaction they discover gunpowder from the Chinese and uses it in their conquest.
4. Muslims Empires in Afro-Eurasia urges and promoted innovations and trade in their empire which lead to
5. Song China still uses the traditional method of ruling from Confucianism and bureaucracy which maintains their rule.
6. States system emerged in the Americas. This lead to new networks of city-states prospering in the Mayas regions and eventually, imperial systems are created
7. Some states uses foreign methods to justify their rule such as Chinese traditions of neo-Confucianism over in Japan
8. The Chinese maritime activity by Zheng He is made possible by interacting with the Mongols due to them transferring their technological and cultural ideas
3.3 - Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental process
1. As the demand for luxurious foreign goods were high. Production for textiles and porcelains increased from foreign countries like China and India.
2. Agricultural production significantly increased due to technological innovations such as the three-field system.
3. Serfdom in Europe to work in the system of Feudalism in return for they get to own and live in the land.
4. Mongolian Women exercised more rights during this period as Patriarchy was common in this period, Mongolian women gets to join in the army and fight.
5. Mit’a system in the Inca Empire, where you are mandated to work for the Incan government as a way to pay tribute to them
6. Due to the increasing population from agricultural advances, availability for labor increased. Agriculture productivity rises up from as the effect.
7. Islamic women also exercised rights as Islam is diffused to other cultures granting them rights such as divorcing in Muslim states.
8. Song China’s economy is now focused on commercializing their textiles and porcelains products
4.1 The interconnect of the eastern and western hemisphere was made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and religion and had a significant economic, cultural, social, and demographic impact on the world.
1. Advances in shipbuilding like the magnetic compass and the rudder help enables European to voyage and explore more parts of the world.
2. Christopher Columbus voyage and discover of the Americas help established a new trade route to the “New World”
3. The Portuguese understanding knowledge of shipbuilding help made them establish a global maritime empire and controls trade over Africa and Asia
4. Exchange of food sources in the Americas reshaped diet in Europe, new food sources in the Americas then lead to an increase in population over in Afro-Eurasia
5. Since the Europeans are developed to be immune from diseases, their arrival to the Americas decimated their population as the people were not built immune to it.
6. The transatlantic ocean trade involves the movement of goods and enslaved people for labor.
7. The food sources from the Europeans were brought over, and it slightly increase the population of the Americas
8. Cash crops such as tobacco were on the rise in plantations.
Key Concept 4.2 — Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes.
1. As labor is needed for plantation owners in the Americas, the transatlantic slave grew as a result of seeing slavery is the solution for the labor shortage.
2. Enslavement of Africans grew as the demands of it were high, exports of enslaved people continued.
3. Mercantilism was on the rise, it was a concept where tons of wealth is through a balance of trading, the concept later influences colonial powers policies.
4. Joint stock companies were on the rise, such as the British East India company and Dutch East India company as for their uses of exploitation of people for labor.
5. Encomienda, the forced labor of indigenous people for Spanish colonists is an example of exploitation of people in the Americas.
6.Much like the Encomienda, the Hacienda system basically profits off from indigenous or enslaved people providing labor for them but they are based on an estate.
7. Due to slavery getting popular, enslaving and kidnapping of people in Africa grew. Gender roles have changed as enslaved men are more sought out rather than women.
8. New states emerged from Imperial conquests and economic opportunities like the Chinese going into the Qing Dynasty.
Key Concept 4.3 — Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.
1. The Ottoman empire encouraged diversity throughout their multi-ethnic empire for unity and hopes no conflict of between ethnics arises.
2. Rise of absolute monarchy in Europe from King Louis in France. All power goes to the ruler and a centralized authority.
3. Portugal established their status and influences through maritime activities throughout the world in Brazil, Africa and Asia.
4. Rulers use tax farming to gain revenue for their governance and use the revenue to expand their power or funding.
5. The Russian Empire expanded through the ruling of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the great, their powers are stronger in Eastern Europe.
6. Tokugawa Shogunate, the empire maintained a policy of isolation from the world and make their rule stronger by the centralized power of the feudal system in Japan.
7. Economic rivalries intensified because of more Empires such as French, Portugal, Spain and England wanting to create more maritime empires to get more revenue.
8. Rulers use architectures and religious arts to consolidate their rule.
Key Concept 5.1 — The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
1. Steam engine, uses the energy from fossil fuels in return it will do mechanical work for some time.
2. Bessemer process, an inexpensive process that can mass produce steel, steel production went up because of this process.
3. New factories during the industrialization were powered by the steam engine, factories are more focused on labor and production. This lead to a growth of urban centers.
4. Economic practices like Capitalism were emerged during the Industrialization to help shape economic policies
5. Europeans starts to abandon Mercantilism and instead followed Adam Smith’s theory of capitalisms and laissez faire.
6. The rise of Industrialization lead to an increase in the middle class, which opposed social hierarchies.
7. Labor unions were created to protest working conditions and higher wages for workers.
8. Women in the middle class were limited to housekeeping works as Men starts to provide revenue for them.
Key Concept 5.2 — As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships.
1. European colonies like England developed settlers colonies, in which those who live there before are replaced by settlers.
2. Scramble for Africa, European powers in the Berlin Conference talked about how to share each land for themselves but does not involve the Africans who own the land
3. United states expanded through competing and fighting with Mexico and taking over their land
4. Opium wars between Britain and China, the result was China lost the war and is forced to open a trading port in Hong Kong for Britain to use.
5. Meiji Restoration, enables Japan into a modern industrialized state. But resists Western Imperialism and pursue it’s imperalists ideals in Asia
6. Indian Rebellion in 1857 shows the tension and resistance to British imperial rule over on India.
Key Concept 5.3 — The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
1. Rise of Enlightenment ideals developed revolutionary documents such as the Declaration of Independence which declares all men are created equal
2. Nationalist movements in South America were inspired by the American and French revolution. The movements was a success as it secure independence from Spain and Portugal colonies
3. Nationalism inside people developed, people started to feel commonality based on their language and territory
4. A successful slave rebellion would be the Haitian Revolution which challenged colonial rule and slavery
5. Women’s suffrage demands grew and it challenged political and social hierarchies
6. Abolition of slavery by England and ceasing activities of the transatlantic slave tradewere caused by humanitarian movements.
Key Concept 5.4 — As a result of the emergence of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy, migration patterns changed dramatically, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly.
1. The Irish potato famine have catalyzed people to migrate over to somewhere else such as England and America
2. Ethnic enclaves is a concentration of the same ethnic group in one area, it helps for other migrants to blend in their new environment easier
3.The Chinese Coolie Trade involved the migration of millions of Chinese laborers to various parts of the world, including the Americas, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean, to work on plantations, mines, and railroad construction.
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timeline 1200-1450
The Mongol Empire emerges under Genghis Khan (1206-1227), conquering much of Asia and parts of Europe.
The Renaissance begins in Italy around 1300, marking a revitalized interest in art, learning and humanism.
The Ottoman Empire rises in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) around 1299 under Osman I.
The Hundred Years' War between England and France takes place from 1337-1453.
The Black Death pandemic of bubonic plague devastates Europe and Asia, killing over 75 million (1346-1353).
The Ming Dynasty begins its rule over China in 1368 after overthrowing the Mongols.
Joan of Arc helps turn the tide in the later Hundred Years War, before being burned at the stake in 1431.
The Aztec Triple Alliance formed in 1428, dominating present-day Mexico.
Johannes Gutenberg introduces the printing press in Europe around 1440, revolutionizing communication.
The Ottoman Empire captures Constantinople in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
The Magna Carta is signed in 1215, limiting the power of the English monarch.
The Mongols sack Baghdad in 1258, ending the Abbasid Caliphate.
Marco Polo travels the Silk Road to China in the late 13th century.
The Renaissance begins to spread out from Italy across Europe in the 15th century.
The Vijayanagar Empire becomes a major power in southern India in the 14th century.
The Ottoman Empire captures the Balkans in the 14th-15th centuries.
The Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta travels across Asia and Africa from 1325-1354.
The Byzantine Greeks hold off the Ottoman Turks at the Siege of Constantinople in 1453.
The Inca Empire arises in Peru in the early 15th century under Pachacuti.
The Wars of the Roses begin in England in 1455 between the royal houses of York and Lancaster.
Timeline for 1450-1750
The Ottoman Empire reaches its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century.
The Spanish Reconquista is completed in 1492 with the fall of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs.
Christopher Columbus makes his first voyage to the Americas in 1492, sparking exploration and colonization.
The Protestant Reformation begins in 1517 when Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses.
The Mughal Empire rises in India under Akbar the Great in the 16th century.
The Scientific Revolution takes place in Europe from the 16th-17th centuries, transforming views of the universe.
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) ravages central Europe between Catholics and Protestants.
The English Civil War (1642-1651) leads to the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.
The Qing Dynasty begins its rule over China in 1644 after conquering the Ming Dynasty.
Isaac Newton develops his theories on gravity, motion, optics and calculus in the late 17th century.
The Spanish Inquisition is established in 1478 to maintain Catholic orthodoxy.Vasco da Gama reaches India in 1498, opening a maritime trade route from Europe.
The Reformation spreads across Europe in the 16th century, including Calvinism and Anglicanism.
The Renaissance reaches its peak in the 16th century with artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.
The Spanish conquistadors like Cortés and Pizarro conquer the Aztec and Inca empires in the 1500s.
The Tokugawa Shogunate begins feudal rule over Japan in 1603, ushering in a period of isolation.
The Taj Mahal is built in India by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 1630s-1650s.
The English execute King Charles I in 1649 after the English Civil War.
Peter the Great modernizes and westernizes Russia in the late 17th/early 18th centuries.
The Enlightenment philosophical movement emerges in 18th century Europe, promoting reason and liberty.
Timeline for 1750-1900
The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain in the late 18th century, transforming manufacturing processes.
The American Revolution leads to independence of the United States in 1783.
The French Revolution begins in 1789, overthrowing the monarchy.
The Napoleonic Wars rage across Europe from 1803-1815.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition explores the western United States in 1804-1806.
The abolition movement leads Britain to ban the slave trade in 1807.
The War of 1812 occurs between the United States and Britain.
The Monroe Doctrine is proclaimed by the U.S. in 1823.
The First Opium War occurs between Britain and China from 1839-1842.
The Mexican-American War leads to Mexico ceding large territories to the U.S. in 1848.
The Crimean War pits Britain, France and the Ottomans against Russia from 1853-1856.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 fails to overthrow British rule.
The American Civil War takes place from 1861-1865.
The Meiji Restoration modernizes Japan from 1868 onwards.
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 leads to the unification of Germany.
The Scramble for Africa intensifies European colonization in the late 19th century.
The Spanish-American War leads to the U.S. gaining colonies in 1898.
The Boxer Rebellion against foreigners occurs in China from 1899-1901.
The Second Anglo-Boer War is fought in South Africa from 1899-1902.
The Philippine-American War follows the Spanish-American War from 1899-1902.
timeline for 1900-present
World War I (1914-1918)
Russian Revolution and establishment of the Soviet Union (1917)
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Women's suffrage movement succeeds in many countries in 1910s-1920s
Great Depression (1929-1939)
Rise of fascism in Germany and Italy in the 1930s
World War II (1939-1945)
Holocaust and genocide of European Jews (1941-1945)
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)
Establishment of the United Nations (1945)
Beginning of the Cold War between U.S. and Soviet Union (1947)
Indian independence and Partition (1947)
Establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949)
African decolonization movements in 1950s-1960s
Cuban Revolution (1959)
Vietnam War (1955-1975)
Six-Day War between Israel and Arab nations (1967)
Civil Rights Movement in the United States (1954-1968)
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis (1979)
End of the Cold War and fall of the Soviet Union (1989-1991)
Gulf War and Iraq invasion of Kuwait (1990-1991)
Genocide in Rwanda (1994)
9/11 Terrorist Attacks on the United States (2001)
War in Afghanistan (2001-present)
Iraq War (2003-2011)
Arab Spring protests across Middle East (2010-2012)
Chinese economic rise in the 21st century
Syrian Civil War (2011-present)
Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)