Decolonization and Human Rights Violations Review

The Ottoman Empire was responsible for the genocide of over one million Armenians during and shortly after World War I.
Kemal Ataturk became president of Turkey after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, implementing a policy of westernization and modernization.

The Amritsar Massacre occurred in 1919 when British troops fired on Indian protestors.
Mohandas Gandhi achieved independence from Britain in 1947 through nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, such as the Homespun Movement and Salt March.
Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India, establishing a Parliamentary Democracy.
The Partition of India in 1947, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League, divided the region into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.
In 1971, East Pakistan won independence from West Pakistan and became the nation of Bangladesh.
Current challenges in India include overpopulation, religious tensions between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, and ongoing discrimination based on the Caste System.

Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) and Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) were key nationalist leaders; Nkrumah supported Pan Africanism to unite all African people.
Modern boundaries based on 1800s colonial claims have caused lasting ethnic tensions and tribal rivalries.
In 1994, the Rwanda Genocide saw Hutu extremists kill more than 500,000 Tutsis.
In South Africa, the system of apartheid (racial segregation) was established in 1948 by the white government.
Nelson Mandela (African National Congress) and Desmond Tutu led the struggle against apartheid; F.W. de Klerk ended the system and released Mandela in 1990.
Mandela was elected president in 1994 in the country's first multi-racial elections.

Zionism and the 1917 Balfour Declaration supported the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.
The United Nations divided Palestine in 1947; Israel was established in 1948, leading to multiple wars with Arab nations, including the Six Day War (1967) and Yom Kippur War (1973).
Peace efforts include the Camp David Accords (1979) and the Oslo Accords (1993) between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat (PLO).
Hamas attacked Israel on October 7, 2023, initiating the current war.
The Iranian Revolution (1979) saw Ayatollah Khomeini replace Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, establishing an Islamic Republic based on Islamic Fundamentalism.
Iraq, under dictator Saddam Hussein, was removed from Kuwait in 1991 (Persian Gulf War) and later removed from power in a 2003 U.S. invasion.

After the death of Marshall Tito, Yugoslavia broke into ethnic-based nations including Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Slovenia.
Slobodan Milosevic led an ethnic cleansing of Muslim Bosnians and Kosovars during the 1990s.