1. Present Simple & Adverbs of Frequency
Hozirgi oddiy zamon va takroriylik ravishlari.
Ishlatilishi: Har doim takrorlanadigan ish-harakatlar (odatlar) va umumiy haqiqatlar uchun.
Ravishlar: Always (har doim), Usually (odatda), Often (tez-tez), Sometimes (ba'zan), Never (hech qachon).
Misol: I always drink coffee in the morning. (Men har doim ertalab kofe ichaman).
2. Present Simple & Present Continuous
Hozirgi oddiy vs Hozirgi davomli zamon.
Simple: Doimiy holatlar uchun. (I live in Tashkent).
Continuous: Aynan hozir sodir bo'layotgan ishlar uchun. (I am speaking now).
3. Identifying Relative Clauses
Aniqlovchi nisbiy ergash gaplar.
Gapdagi shaxs yoki narsa haqida muhim ma’lumot beradi. Who (odamlar uchun), Which/That (narsalar uchun) ishlatiladi.
Misol: The man who lives next door is a doctor. (Yon qo'shnim bo'lgan kishi — shifokor).
4. Past Simple
O'tgan oddiy zamon.
O'tmishda tugagan aniq bir ish-harakat. Fe’lga -ed qo‘shiladi yoki noto‘g‘ri fe’llar jadvalidan foydalaniladi (2-shakl).
Misol: I watched a movie yesterday. (Kecha kino ko'rdim).
5. Past Simple & Past Continuous
O'tgan oddiy vs O'tgan davomli zamon.
O'tmishda bir ish sodir bo'lganda (Simple), boshqa bir ish davom etayotgan bo'ladi (Continuous).
Misol: I was sleeping (davom etayotgan edi) when the phone rang (to'satdan sodir bo'ldi).
6. Verbs with -ing and to
Gerund va Infinitive.
Ba'zi fe'llardan keyin -ing (like, enjoy, finish), ba'zilaridan keyin esa to (want, decide, hope) keladi.
Misol: I enjoy reading. I want to read.
7. Going to and Present Continuous for Future
Kelajakni ifodalash.
Going to: Oldindan rejalashtirilgan niyatlar uchun. (I am going to buy a car).
Present Continuous: Aniq vaqti va joyi kelishilgan tadbirlar uchun. (I am meeting him at 5 PM).
8. Articles (a, an, the)
Artikllar.
A/An: Noaniq, birinchi marta aytilayotgan narsalar uchun.
The: Aniq yoki oldin eslatilgan narsalar uchun.
9. Quantifiers
Miqdor bildiruvchi so'zlar.
Much/Little: Sanalmaydigan otlar (suv, pul).
Many/Few: Sanaladigan otlar (kitob, do'st).
Some/Any: Ikkalasiga ham tushadi (Some - darak, Any - inkor/so'roq gapda).
10. Making Comparisons
Solishtirish (Sifat darajalari).
Oddiy: Tall -> Taller than (uzunroq).
Murakkab: Beautiful -> More beautiful than.
Superlative: The tallest (eng uzun), The most beautiful (eng chiroyli).
11. Present Perfect Simple & Past Simple
Past Simple: Aniq vaqt bor (Yesterday, in 2020).
Present Perfect: Vaqti noma’lum, lekin natijasi hozirda bor.
Misol: I lost my keys (kecha yo'qotgan edim). I have lost my keys (kalitim yo'q, hozir uyga kirolmayman).
12. Present Perfect Simple with Just, Already and Yet
Just: Hozirgina (I’ve just finished).
Already: Allaqachon (I’ve already eaten).
Yet: Hali ham (Inkor va so'roq gapda: Have you finished yet?).