Fri-Sat Study practice

anatomy is the study of the form and structure of the body. anatomy si the study of the form and strucutre of the body… Physiology examinesthe body functions. again anatomy studies the form and sttructure and physiology studyes the body functions. Anatomy studies the from and structure and physiology studies the function. Scientific method is how scientsi examin natural events through obesrvation…

scientific method… scienteist examins natural events through obersvation, develop a hypothesis to explain a phenoment experience and test hypothesis by colelcting data, and dtermine if the dat support the hypothesis or if it should bemoridied o rejected. . . again scientific method examins natural events through observation, develop hypothesis for expalinaing a phenomen.

sceintifi methos examins natural eventstyhorugh observation, develop a hypothesis for expalining a phenoment, and

SO we got observation, hypothesis for exaplining something, and experien and test the hypotheis by collecting data, detemin if the data wuppirts the hypothesis or if it should be rejected or modified

So first we observe natural events, we come up with a hypothesis to explain it, test the hypothesis and experiment, and then dtermine if it should be modified or rejected

anatomy is the study of structure and form. anatomy comes from anatome which emans cut apart or dissect. phsyiology is the study of function of the body parts. anatomist describe compisition of vessels and blood capillaries and physiologyt expalin hwo the thin walls allow effective gas and nutriend exchange.

anattomst and physiologist are professionals who use scientific method to explain and understand the workings of the body. Scientifi methosd… first we observe ntaural events, we come up with a hypothesis to explain, experime and test the hypothesis through the colelction of data, and detemin if the data supprorts th hypothesis and if it neds to be rejected or modified… we detmerine if the dat is supporting the hypothesis or rejects and needs for modifictation.

anatomist and phsyiolgoist use the sceintific methyod - observing, hypothesis, testing, and rejecting and acceptint to see how blood circualtes through the body.

what is the relationship between anatomy and phsiology? - anatomsy (cut aprt diessect) will study the structure and form and phsyiology studies function.

the disciplin of anatomy is braod and can be divered. miscropic anatomy examins structures that cann be seen by the unaided eye.

micrscopic anaotmy exaimisn. structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye. again micropsic anatomy examins structures that cannot be observedd by the unadied eye (meaning structtures are so small that the regular/unadied eye cannot see iit) microsopic anaotmy: study of structures taht cannot be sseen by the unadied eye… meaning they need miscropes. there are two division cytology

microscopit anatomy - stuctures that need the assitance of mictoscopes because they cannot be seen by the unadied eye. there is micropsci cytology which is the study of body cells and their internal structure and histology which is the study of body tissues.

again there is miscrfopic anatony - study of structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye so we use microscopes.. we have two divisions which are

miscropic anatomy cytology - the study of the body cells and interal structure.

cytology - study of cells and interal structure

and histology is the study of tissue

cytology is the indivuals cells obtained from body fluids such as blood urine and hisotlogy is tissues

cytology not histology - cytology Cytology - C ell C tology - Cell

Histology - his tissue

hIS tISsue

gorss anatomy i the study study of structure visble to the unaided eye so we dont need microscops. So we got systemic anatomy: studies anatomy of each body system

Miscropic anatomy needs to be discuted cut open for investiation

Gross anatomy is just looking at the intensine, stomacin, brin. heart, and kidneys

Systemmic anatomy is the study of each functional body system… studing the urinary system, examing the kidneys.

systemic anaotmy is the study of each functional body ssytem… so we study the anaotmy of each body system

regional anatomy tstudies tructures in a body region

systemic anaotmy: anatomy of each body system

anatomy of each body sysem

regional anatomy is th particular region of the body as a complete unit

aantomy si the tudy of structgure and form , physiology is the wtudy of functin..

scientirfic method is what ppl use they first obersve a natural event, ocme up with a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon, and then they will test the hypothesis, then they will determine if the hypothesis should be rejected or modified. . .

There are two types of anaotmy.. there is microscopic and gross anatomys

Micosopic anatomy is what u cant see with the unaided eye so we need a micrfoospc

there is

micropic cytololgy - this is rthe study of the cell and we look at the insided cells ande we need to mjake a cut

and micropic histology - the study of tissue

then there is the styd of gross anatomy which is what we can seeee…

there are five types

systemic anatomy - the studyn of the anaodmy of each body system

regional surface

com apritc and emrbuyology -

Cytology histology

gross -

systemic - study of anatomy of each nbody ststem

regional - sturctures in a body region

sruface

Systemic - anatomy of each body system

gross atanomy diessected for examinaiton -

systemic - each body system

regional - structures in a bod region

surface - the srucae anatoic marking -

comparitive - similarites and differences in specicies

emrbology - developmental changes from conception to birth

embryoli - study of developmettn changes fromjj conception to birth

cojmparitive - differences in different region in diffrent species -

comjpaiatitve - differfences in species

surface - looking at the surface and anatojmic jmarkings

regional - strucutres in a body region

systemci -

pathologic anatomy and regiographic anatomy is the study of dianocis or research

systemic anatomy - studies anatomy of each body ssytem

regional - structure in a body region

regional is the strucutres in a body region

surface anaotmy - surperfial anatomic markings

comparitve - anatomical similaries and differences in species - embrology - development of embryo

then theres reserach an diagnosis anatomy

pahtologic

and regiographic

patholig anatomy - anaomtic changes resulting from iwcrases.

we look at changes that happen from diseases.

regiographic anatomy investigates strucutral visulaed by snaccing procedres

micrscopic anatomy examins strucutres taht cannot be seen by the unaided eye so we need to lok at it through miscorpic. Cytology is the study of cells

hisotlogy - is of the body tissues

then theres gross anatomy - where we need to disect and look at the structurfeshat are visibel to the unaided eye. there is systrmic - which studies each zystem of the bod - studying the urinary systemjj by looking at the kidneys

regional - studying each region of the body . regional anatomy examins all of the structures in a particulare region of the body as a complete unitl…

Surface anatomy looks at the superfiicial antomic markings and internal body structure that relate to the skin covering them. Health care prociders use surface featurs to identiy and locate impoartnat landmarks lke pulsepr proper bdoy region on which to perform CPR.

systemicanatomy - studies the anatomy of each funcional body system - studying the urniary system would involve eaminign the kidneys

systemic anatomy studies the anatomy of each functional body syste like studying the kidneys

regional atomoy studies the structures in a particulare region of the body as a complete unit

surface anatomy looks at the structure and superfieicla anatomic markings and the interal body structure that realte to the skin. like looking at the proper body region on whcih to perform cpr. COmparative anatomye xamins the simialrites and differences in the aaotmy of differens epcieis.

Emryology - concern with developmental changes occuring from cocneption to birth.

comparative anatomy studies the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different speicies -

embryology - developmental changes occuring from conception to birth

pathologic anatomy - studies all anaotmic changes resutling form disease.

anatomic changes happens because of disease….

radiologparhic anatomy looks at the interal structures fromj snaccing procfdures like rediography, ultrasound and mri

radiographic anaotmy -

patholigic anatomy and radiographic anatomy focuses on diagnositc and research

then theres physiologyn - eaxjmons the fucntion of body structures..

theres cardiovascular phsyiology - exajmins the function of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

cardiovascular phsuology looksa the function of the ehart, blood vessels and blood… heart , blood, and blood vessels

cardiovascular physiology looks atthe function of the heart, blood, and blood vessels… neurophsyiology looks at the nervs and the nervous system organs… respuratory looks at the repsiraotyr organs, reproductive looks at the reproeducitve hormones and cycle… pathophsuiology looks at the function of the ody system during idsease or injuryt o the stystem.

cardiovacular phsyiology examins teh functioning functions of the heart , bloodl, and blood vessels. it examinshow the heart pumps the blood and what are the paramters for health blood pressure withing the blood vessels, and details of cellular exahainge mecahims of repisratory gass, nutrients, and waste move between blood and body structures..

SOOOO cardiovacualr phsiology looks at how the heart works , how blood and blood vessels will circularate gases, nutrients, and waste through the blood and body structure. it always figures out what the parameters for healthy blood pressure withing the blood vessels.

neurophysiology eamins the nervs and nerbous system and how nerve impulses propate through the nervous sytem, repsratu physiology looks at how gases are transfered by gas exahnge between the lungs and the blood vessels.

reproduvctive physiology eplores how the regulation of prepoductive hromons drive repodutive cycle and infleunce sex cell productin and maturaiton. . . .

pathophsuioloy looks at how organ systems work with disease or organs.

form anatomy and function phsyiology are interrelated - form follows function wi

organization all organizms exhibit a ocmplex struvcture and order -

metanolism is the sum of all of the chemcial reactions that occur within the body - metbaolims consist of anaobolism which is smal lmolcuels joined to form bigeer mocleuls and catbolsim which large moclules are broken down into smaller.

the concepts of chemical reactions and metabolims….

organization all organims exhibit a compelxt structure and order;;;;;

metabolism is the sum all chcmiecal reaction sthat occur withing the body

so all organizms have organization - compex structure and order and they have a metabolism which is the sum of all chemical reactiosn that occur within the body theres anabolism where small moclules join to form big ones and catabolsim in whcih large mocluels break away to form smaller ones.

organization - compelx structure and order

metbaolis - chem reactions in the body

anabolism and catbolism - cat meanign destroy

growth and dvelopment - organisms assimilate material from eviement and grow and develop

growth and development - organism assimilate material from theri enbiroment and exhibit increase size and icnrease specialzation as realted to form and function. growth and developmetn so like organism assimialte mateiral from their own evioment and exhibit size andd evelopment. repsonsive sss to reacft to stimili. regualtion - regualtion of interal bodiily functions to reponse to envioemnt like body temp. and reproduction

so there organization - metabolism- grwoth and developmetn - reproducftion - reponsive - and regualtion

there are six things that make a organism like that ….

growth, metabolims, reguatltion, reproduction, reaction. organization

regualtion emans the abilith to adkust from interfal boduly functgion to accomate enirmental changes … there is homeostasis to ability to main body structure and fucntoipn

organizitoant- compelx structures and order

regualtion - temp and intearl rfunction from enviroment

homestssit - the ability to maintain body fucntion and structure

reproduction of new cells, maintense and repareia also new sex cells

theres the chemical level, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism level.

chemical level invovles, atoms, mocluels, maco mocluels, organells,

cells that hold organelles,

tissues, tissues to rogan, to organ system, to orangims

atpoms, moclules, amcro mocluesl, organellsk, cells, tissue , organ, organ system, oragnaims.

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11 organ systems - know what each system and is and what is purpose is -

organ systems - 11 systems of organism and know what each system is and its purpose -

Integumentary system - the skin provides protection prvents water loos and gain, sytnehzies citamin d and releases

Integumentayr system - hair - skin and nails

provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, sytnehzies vitamin d, and relases secretion, regulatod body temp, and houses sensory receptors

Integumentary sytem - skin hair nails and glands

provides proetection, vitamin d, release secretions, prevents water loss and gain, regulates body temp, and houses sensory.

integumentary INTEGumentay system - Skin hair nails glands

provides protection, secretion, prevents water loss and gain, provides vitamin d, and termpaturte regulation.

integrumentary system - hnair nails skin glands

prvents wtaer loss and gain, proteintion, secretion, viamin d, regulates body temp…. integrumetnay system regulates body temp with the usage of skin, it also rpevetns water loss and gain protection, vitmain d , and regualtes body temp, integrumentary is skin hair nails glands and provides body temp regualtion.

skeeltal system - BONES

provide support and protection, stores calcium and phsohprosu, site of hematoposises (blood vell production) and provides sites fro ligament and muscle attachment

skeleteal system - providess support and protection,calcium, ohsohorius, hemopoiesis blood cell production, and ptovidse site of rmuscle and ligament attachmen

skseltal system provide support and protection, calcium, phsohorus, ligament and muscle attachment, and also makes blood cells, heomeosteiss… hemopoiesis. HEMOpeosis.

Hemoposis -

so theres the integrumetnary skin - skin hair glands nails

provides protection, preve3nts water loss and gain, viamin c, and as well regualtes body tem

then theres the skeetal system which provides cacium, phsohours, support and protection, hemoposis which makes blood cells, and attachment for ligaments and muscles

Muscular system - produces body movemnts rgeenrates heat when muscles contranct - produces body mjovments and generates hea when myscls contract ….

produces body movements and generates heat when muscles contract… sowe got the integrumetar, skeltal , mucalr…

muscula prpdcfes movmetnsk, and nervous sytem controls muscleesssssssssss……

nervous system -

regualtory system responds to sesnroy stimulo, controls juscles and glands, reponibel for ocnsciounesss, itellegent memoru.

So the nervous sytem is a regualtory system that responds to stimulo,k controls muscleds and glands, repsonsible for ocnsicousness, and inteelgent memory

nervous sytem respnids to sesnory stimuli, cointrols muscles and glands, responsible for inteelce , meomry, and conscio8usness. NERVOUS SYSTEM

nervous system - repsonds to stimuli, controls glands and muscles, ineellcenc,e mmoery, consciousness

muscular system controls movement, heat when contraction happens

Skeletal - calcium, protection support, physohours, hemopostieis which makes blood cells

Integumetnary -skin hair nails , galsnds

water loss and gaon, protection, vitamin c, regualtes body temp

endocrine system -

consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hromones = glands and cells taht secrete hormones - minaint homeostais of blood ocmpsostion and volume, controlls digestive prrocess and control reproduction

endocrine system - consits of glands cell cluster that secrete hormones

glands and cells that secrete hromones regualting developemtn growth and metaolims, it meains heomeostisasis of blood ocmposition and volume , controsl digestive provess and repdocutive functions.

endocrine - hyormones - glands that secrete hromones - maintsin hoemrotasis of blood composition and volume

endocrine - glands secrete hromones - maintin heomstasis of blood compsition and volume, control digestive professe and reproductive fucniton.. homeostaiss of blolod compositionand ovlimek,k control digestive profess and repodutive funciton

endocrine - glands that secrete hormones for regualting development, growth and metabolism…

endocrine uses glands and cells to release hromones and those ghromones are use for production and developmemt. endocrine system controls digvesstive procwesses and reprodutive processed.

as well asd mainting blood composition and volume.

maintina blood composition and volume..maintian blood ocmposition and volume…. endocerine uses glands and cells to relase hormones that ar eused for development and repoductive. and it contgorls digvesstive and reproeudittve processes as well as maintains homjeosteasis of blood ocmpostiona dn volume.

cadiovascular system - consition of heart and blood vessels l the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hromones, nutrients, gas, and pick up waste product

So the heart moves blood through vessels through the body to distribute gas, nutrients, waste, and hrojmones…. cardiovascular syste - heart, blood, blood vessels moves it through vessesl to pick up and stirbute gas, nutrients, hromones, waste

lympathic - transports and filters mimpky - fldui that collects in and transpotred through lujmp vessels. participates in an immune reposne.

lympathic ysem - transports and filters lymp(fluid that is colelcted and tramposed in lump vessels) and participates in an immune repomse.

res[oratory - repsonsible for exchange of gass o2 and co2 between blood and air in lungs

urinary system - filters the blood to remove waste products and viologically active mkolecules - concentrate waste in form of urine and exples from body - filters blood to remove waste product and biologivally active watste 0 cnceontratst athw aste to remove as uring.

urinart system will filter out the wasy from the blood and biological active mocluels and expell them as urine. So the urniairy system works with the blood to clena it .

Digestive system - checmially digest food, absorbs nutrients, expells waste product.

then theres the reproductive system - gondads produce sex cells and hromones.

an organism is repsoniebe if it has these charactersits -

organization of complex sustems and order

responsive - repsonivne to stimuli

regualtion - of interal body, temperature and hoemsotsaiss of interal bdoy functions

repreoduction - sex cells and ability to repreoduce -

growth and development- ability to assimialte to enviroment and grow

common reference positions =

Anatomic postion - unfront

upright stance, feet parallel and flat on the floor. upper lims at the side palsm face anterioly toward the fron - head is level - eyes look forward .

anatomic is ANAAA is standing there watching me standing forward -

section is a cut or slaice that exposes the interanl anatomy -

ssection - is a cut that exposes interal anatomy - is a cfut that exposes inearnly anatomy

a plan is a flt surface bassing throuhg body

plane - imaginary

anatomic positioni s stnding upright with feet flat oand on the floor and lips on the sid ehad fornt and falms facing atnerioly

section is the cut or slice that exposes the interanl anatomy while place in teh imaginary flat surface passing through the body …. coronal plane is the vertical plane that divies the body from front and back

coronal is back and front. posterior and anteiror

coronal is b ack and front. postioer and antierio

coronal plane is the front plane. Coronal is the front plane

transverse is the horizonal plan or cros sectional lane that divides the bodhy top and bottom superior and inferior . transveses is the middle up the body horizionatally. transverse is the top and b ottom plane

superior and ifneiror

coronal is the front part

sepreating front and back which is antieorr and posterior.

transverse is top and bottom superior and inferesr coronal is

there are three major anatomical planes - coronal front… sperating the back and fron

transverse serapting top and bodom. . . midsagittal plane is the verital plan is a verital plane taht dives the body in left and right halvesa plan that is parallel to the midsagitall is satial plane

okie mid saggital is right down the middle but saggital is either closer to left or right and does thte same thign its jsut more uneven.

minor plane is an oblique that passes trhough a structure at an angle. t

okie we go torfonal which is front serpeating front and back aniero and psoterion transverse top and bottom superior and inferior and we got midsaggial left and right an dsaggital unquene and obliaue is at and angle.

antioer is front

posteior is back

proximal is near to the trunk and distal is further from the trunk….

SURFACE

posteiror is back

antieorir is front

INSIDE

ventral is towards to the front -

DOrsal is towards tthe back

superios is top

inferieor is bottom

Cephalic Caudal

cephalic is towards the head

then caudal

ventral is the front inside and dorsal is the back side of the human body

ventral and antieor go together

dorsal and psoterior go together

Superior and Cephalic

CEPHALIc

CEPHALic

inferior and caudral

coldren

Caudal

inferior and caudal inferior and caudal inferior and cuadal

INFERIOR and caudal

superior is the top and inferior is the bottom -

Caudal is the bottoma nd cephalic is towards the top

rostral is towards the forehead or nose. . .

rostral is toward the forehead or nose

caudla is toward the tail or inferior end

rostral is towards the nose ….

medial is toward the median plane

medial is towards the medial palan

lateral is away from the middle

medial is towards the middle and laterla is away from the middle

proximal is closer to the point of attachment ofr origain distal is farther away from the poitn

proximal is going up up and distal is going down.

proximal is going up and distal is going down

proximal is further up and dital is further down

proximal is further up and distal is further down

proximal is further up and distal is further down

proximal is furtherup and distal is further down

proximal is further up and distal is further down.

proximal is up closer up and distal is further down

dorsal is behind

and ventral is front

proximal is closer up and distal is further down….

proximal is closer up and distal is further down

proximal is closer up and distal is closer down

proximal is closer up and distal is closwer down or going down

ipsilateral - same side and contralteral is opposite side.

superficial is clsoe to the surface

and deep si father from the body surface

ipsilateral is on the same die and contralteral is the oppsotide side

ipsilateral is sthe same side and contralteral is the opposite side

ipsilateral -

regional anatomy is partioned in two main regions - axial region head neck and trunk

we got the axial which is the head neck and traunk

and we got the appendex region which is the fuckign uper lims and lower limsb

• internal organs are housed withing enclosed spacies or cavities - body cavities are grouped into posterior back and ventral gfront

posrieor saceped at encased in bone

poserior aspect has cranial cavitiy - formed by bones of the cranium houes the brain

vernebate canal houses the spinal cord

cnetral cavity larger than posterior vcavity - aniroory placcfed in the body

REVIEWWW -

Anatomy is the study of form and structure

Physiology is the study of function of the structure

Scientific method - observing a natural event, coming up with a hypothesis in order to explain the phenomemnon, testing the hypothesis, next is detmering if the hypothesis should be accepted or rejected and modified.

there are two types of anatomy there is gross and micropsic anaotmy withing the microspcopti anaotmy which is the study of stsructure throught the unadied eye therefore we need uo use a niccroscope in order to study it there are two types there is cytology which is the study of cells and we use a microscope and there is thte study of tissue which is histology. then there are five types of gross anaotmy whci his the study of structure by the unadied eye whcih we can see but required dissection so there is systemic anatomy the study of the sysemsin the body there is regional anatomy which is the study of a region as a whoel unit there is comparive whcih will compare related strucure anda anaodmtyn to anotehr wspeicies there is embrology which is the study of the developing embryo and there is SURFACEEESURFACE anatomy jstu looks at hte superfaical interal body sructure.

again there is surface anatomy - SURFACE ANATOMY

regional - surface - comapritve sstemic nd embyology

then there is pathologic anatomy and radiographic naotmy which studie the changes from diseases and nuses readiongraphic immaging in order sot study the interal sturtructre.

then there is five types of physiology the study of funciton

there is cardio repsiratory enruo repoductive and patholigc p

again there is cardiovasc ular , repsiratory, neuro, reprodutive and patholigic phsyiology

these are the main properite htat make an organism - organization of complex structures and wsystems

organizaiton -

regulation - of ody temp and hoemostatsis

reproduction - gametes and cells

growth and developmet. - assimilation of the enviorment to grow

reaction /repsonsiveness - repsonive to stimuli

metabolism - sun of all chemical reactions in the body

cheikmcal leve - atom - molcule - macro molcule - organell - cell - tissue - organ - organ system and then organism .

integrumatnry ystem - skin hair nails and gvlands - will recieve vitamin d, protection, prevents loss of water and gain, and secretes secretion. also regualtes body temp . houses sensory receptors - housessensory receptors HOUESE sesnroy receptors -

sekeltal system- suuprot protectionn - calcium - pshopursus - hemopsis making of blood cells - provides attachmen site for ligaments and tissue

skeletal system - support ad proteciton - calium - phsphours - hemoposis - and attachment for ligaments and muscles -=

mucular system - provides movment and will make heat once the muscles contract.

Nervous sywstem - controls the muscles, intellcien, conscious, memory, and sesnroy stimuli .

endocrine system will work with immune reponse - glands that release hormones - reproduction

endocrine system consists of glands and cells that secrete hromones for growth and reproduction is controls diegestive processes and maintains compostiono f volume of blooodddd. the endocrine system con sists of gleands htat reale hromones tha are ocntributing to reproductive growth and development and comosition of blood and voluem

lymphatic sysem will wok with lymp nodes in order to

immune reponses.

Lumpj is kust plumhpp

and endocrine is the blood composiiton one

respiraotyr will exchan vge gas ebtween lungs and o2

digestive will aborb food, nutriesn ts and expell wate. urinary sstem will pick up wste brom blood and then explel it .

again we got the distal proximal

medial lateral

ipsilaelar

ocntralterla

supergiical and deep

axial is the head nexk and trum and apendic axis is the fucking apenages uper and lower

internal orgyans are housed within enclosed spaces or cavities - body cavities aregrouped into posteiror back and ventral forward

posterior aspect completly encased in bone -

posteiror aspect - completly encased in bone phsyical and devleopemtmally distinc from the ventrfal activites

theres the cranail cavity - formed by bones from the carnium and houses the brain

and the vertebral cana which is formed by the boles of the veral holum and spinal cord.

the posteiror aspect complety encased in bone

the psoterior aspect has the cranial cavity which houses the brain and ventral cana which houses the spinal cord

the cranical vacity is formed by bones of thec ranium. . . . .

and the vertebral canal is formed by boens of the veral column.

again theres is the posterior aspect which has two subdivions

the fucking crfnaial cavityn and the vertrbal canal which nhosue the brain and the spinal cord throught he cranil bones and vetrbal column. posteiror aspect there is the fucking crnail cavity that houses the brain throughthe crianl bones na dht ecucking cvertebral canl

vertebral canal that will fucking hold the fucking spinal cord

there therfe is the ventral cavity - larger than posteiro cavity - the ventral cavity is larger thant he posterior cavity and antieorly placed in the body. dos not completly encased ogans in bones

okie posterio and ventral cavities

the posteruoi is made up of entirfly bones and it is encasing the b rain and spinal cord

these are called crainal cavity and tghe vetrbra l canal throught he vetrabal colum

the ventral cavity is larger than the posterior vacitty and not entirly encasing then organs iwth bones - there is the throatic diaphrain in the superior throativ cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

the the throatic diaphraim has the the superior and inferior adbomino cavity

the ventral cavity is divided into two parts by the throatic diapram abotve the diaphran is the superior thoratic cavity and below it is the abdominopevlic cavity

Again so the ventral cavity is divided into two parts in the middle by the thoratic diaphram - the top is the superior thoratic cavity and the bodom is the adbominopelvic cavity

significant didfference between postieor aspect

significant difference between psoteironaspect and ventral cavity - subdivisons of ventral cavity

signidicant difference bwteeen psoteiro and aspect and ventral acity

postieor has the cranial cavity

and the vetrabal colan

the ventral cavity divided by the thoratic diaphram and the superior thoratic cavity

and the abdomnopelbic cavity

significant differences between postieor aspect and ventral cavity - subdiviosn of the ventral cavity are lined with serious membranes

there are two laers o fhte srousm membr anes

Serous menrbane

ther eis the parietal layer line interal suface of body wall

and viscerl laye that covers exernal sufcaceo fo organ viscera

serious cavity potential space etween memrbane and the seriou fluod which is lqiuid secretbed by cells in serious memrban. acts as lubrianca sna reudces friction caused by movmednt of organ agisnt body well .

subdivions of the ventral cavity meanign the throatic diaphream superior throatic cavi5yt and the abdonminpelvic cavity are lined with serous membranes

there are two laters to these serous membranes

the paruel layer that lines the intral suface of the body wall

and vscierl later that covers the extranal suface of orgtans (viscera)

okie

between hte ventral cavity there are serous membranes

the parietal membran e which is the outerlayer coating the nbody wall and the fucking visceral layer

visceral layer

visceral layer that coats the organs

thers the serous cavity between the laters

and the serous fluid that will reduce friction between the wall and organs.

visceral layer coats the organs

the parietl layer cotaws the body wall

and serous cavity will be the space ebtween and the and the serous fluid will provide friction between the wall and he organs

serous layers are obly int he ventgral cavity -

in the upper throatic cavity we got the mediastinum ;

mediastinum:

media space in the thoratic cavity: contains heart thymus espohagus trachea and major blood vessels. SOOO withinn the thoratic cavity we got the mediastinum 🇦

withing the

THe mediastinum si the median space in the throatic cavity - contains heatr

mediastinum median space inthe toratic cavity contains the hart thumus, esphagous trachea,k andmaojor blood vessels that connect to the heart

T

THe mediastinum is in the thoartic cavity and contains the hart, thymus, espohac traca andmaojro blood vessels connected to the ahrt

pericardium - two layer serous membranme

parietal

and visceral

mediastinum - is the median space in the thoratic cavity - the mediastinum contain sthe hart, esphogahses, the trachea, the thymjus and major heart vessels

then there is the percardiukm - two layered serous membrane

the pericardium two layer serous membrane thsi inclvoels the heart

pericadium two layer serouc membrane involving the heart

the paritel particardium is the outer layer whyich fromes the sac aroudnt eh heart and the visceral pericadium forms the hearts extermal surface. the pericaidul vacity is between the layers and contains serous fluid

there the paritel pericarium layer forming aroudn the heart that doesnt touch it and theres the pericaridum visceral lahyer that is on the oustide ayer and touchign and theh invetwen. is the periciudm caivty with pericudm serous fluid

pericadium is the part for the heart

and pleura is the sreous membrane on the luns

the visceral plrus innera later covering the surface of the luns and paritel pleura that cvers the surface of the thortic wall. . .

and the plerua cavityh withs erous luid.

pleura is the two serous layer of the lungs

the visc eral pleura is the layer on it

the paritel pleura is the layer coaqthing the thoratic wall

and the plerua cavithy

pericardium

mediastinum

media stinum

pleura

pericardium

we got the mediastinum - heart - blood vesels - esphagus - trachea - thymus

we got the pleura cavity with the sillys tuff

we got the pericardium cavithy with its serous membrane partiel and visceral

all iwthin the superior thoratic cavithy

now we learn abotut eh paces and structures within the adbominopeclvic actitty. . .

the adominiatl caviti sht esuperior area in the abdominopecliv cavity that contains disgive system orgtnasm kineys na dureters

abdominal cavity has kidneys, urter, digestive sstem organs

pecliva cavity is the lower inferior part between hip bones, distal part of the large inteisne, remainder of urtere,m urinary blaer, and itneral reproducitve organs.

there is perioneym whihch is the two laye rmembrane lining the abdominopelcing cavity.

there is the adboimal cavity which has the ureters, digestive organs and kidenyes

the abdimnal cavity - superuior area has the utere, the kdineys, digestive organs

theres the pelvic cavity ovcntaining the pelvis, the lower utere, dustal part of te large intesinte

theers the pericdium for the heart

pleu fort he lungs and hte peritoneum for the adbominopelvic cavity

peritoneum pericadium

peridontum parital and the peroditenum visceral layer

peritoneum visceral peritoneum parietal

regions in the adbominopelvic cavity -

umbicilical region - naval

epigastric

and hypogastric

epigastric

umbilical

hypogastric

]

euh

euh

epigqtric umbnilic and hypogqastric

Hyhpochondriac

lumbar and iliac

HLI

HL

HLI

Hypochondirac

and hpogastric is oppostie epigatric umbilical hypogastric

Hypichondria

lumbar

and iliac

nine comparments there is the fucking

middle regions epigatric umbilical and hypgastric

then theres the left HLIHLI

EUH

HLI

Hypochondia

lombard

iliac

then theres midsagital seperationg the righ and left quadrants with the transfers plane serpatinve into left and righ uper and lower qudrants right and left

pericardium

pleu

and peritoenum

hoemstatsis = the abilityto maintsin consistent interal invoemtn in repsonse to chaingin exterminal or internal condition

homestasis is the ability for an organsim to maintain and interal envirment in response to chaigning enviroment. heomstaiss iis the abilutyt o maintian a n hoemstasis has a hoemstati system negative and postive feedback. . . .

3 compeoenents of hoemstatic systems-

the receptor detechs changes in a variabel stimuliusrecpeots will detech changins in a virul stimuli

control enter interprets input from receptor andintaties changes throug effector . control cener interprets inut fm receptor and intates changes through effector.

hoemstatic system - changes in a regualted = stimulus -

receptor structure that dtects thst imuli

stimulus recepto control center and effector

stimulis the abcles suckles at breaks the receptors in the skind etect the suckling and sen nerve impulse to the hypothalamus, the hyptohalmus singals the putruitary glants rto realse oxytoci and the effector - breaks is sitmualted ot eject breaks milk…

stimulsu - something changes receptor feels it /detects it and sends it pt hte control center = the control center reacts and makes the effector change

the control venter is usually the nervou system or endocrine ystem : there are three ocmpenesnts the receptor control cneter and effector. receptor control center effector. . .

posterior cavity - encased organs with bones

• cranial cavity

• verteb ral canal

ventral cavity -

seperated trasnversely by the thoratic diaphram

Theres the superior throatic cavity

and the inferioer adbominiopelvic cavity

superior thoratic has the median space - media stinum contianing the heart, esophgou, treacha, and the thymus

then within theres the pericardium seroud membranes

pericardiumn visceral perciardium pariteal layer pericardium cavity and serous fluid

pleu is for the lings and then there the peritoneum for the stomach. . .

the adbomino cavity superior to the pelciv vontains the kidneys, digtestive system, and uper part of the uurter

the pevlic has the reproduce organs, the lower part of the large intesistine and the urniary bladder and uter

there are nine quadrans

umbilicfafl - epigastrictt

EUH and hu[ogastric

the sies are left and right

HLI

hypochondrias lumnboard and ilica

homeostasis is the organisms abnilitu to maintain the interal enviroment dued to changes in the external enviroment there are three components to the heomsatic system - - - - - three ocmpnenets o the homestatic sysstem

there is the receptor

THe stumulus happens the receptosr deect i

the control center interprets what the receptor dtected and inates changes and the effector is the structutre that rings about changes to alter the stimulus\\b

there is the stimulus, receptor, control center interperting and intating chages and the effecto that brings about changes to alter the stimulis. the control enter is either the nervous system or the endocrine system

theres the sitmulus and receptor the contorl center and the fucking effecto that changes the fucking stimuli cuz the endocrine or the

the stimulus changes in a virble that is regualted … so like change in tempreautre

the receptor will sense that stimulis like sensory neurosn int he skin.. the recepto will send input infromation to the controlc enter

the control centure is a structure usuall the brain or the endocrinde glanes that integrates the input and intate changtes throught hte effectors and the control center will send out an output infromation to the effector whcih s a structure that rbings about change to the stimuli

hoemstais system regualted by negative ffed back… it controsl msot process in the body… virable flucates round a set point resulting in the opposite direction of the stimulus.

so the thing is to go back to a regualr set point like the set poiint for blood glucose and if it goes too ghigh the stimulus then the receptor the pancrease will relase inslune… and then the effector isthat the liver will remove vlose from the blood and store as glycogen…

so like body temerpature the bod has a temperature set point and if it gest too much or too little then it will lead to negative ffedback hoemstasis to get back to that set point

negative feedback is a lot more common… postiive feedback is less frequent….

the stimulus moves in the same direction as the postiive loop. and negative feedb ack moves int he opposite direction in order to go back to the set ppint . so like the stmilus in positve feedback in breastfeeding and blood clooting and labor. so like teh stimulus is there is pressure in the cervix, instead negative ffedback and stopping it it will work to go with the sitmulus. the receptors will feel it, the control center will relase oxytocin, and the oxyticin will contract theutereus which is the effector and it will contract until the baby is gone.

if hoemstaisis fails, then there will be a homestatic imbalance or disease ofcures. diabetes ias an example of hoemstatic imbalance. it is the mechanism of negative feedback for bloodglucose.

drugs may affect nromal holmestit mechanims.

the body cavity containing the lungs is the thoratic

lecture 2 -

matter is mass occupying space there are three forms

liquid gas solid… and atom is the smallers paprticle ehbiting cemical properites of 92 elements makeup organized in the p table

atmos is the smallest particle that is the proprty of an elemtn .

major elemnts in the human body are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen nitrocnge calcium and phsohours.

atoms is the smallest particle of an elemerna and there are 92

atomis composted of three subatomic particles;

neutrons proteins and electrons

there are usb partickles to atoms - protons neutrons and electrons

neutrons are the atomis mass unit ajmu with no charge..

neutrons have one amu with no charge

proteins has one mass amuy with a paostive charge of one

these proteons and neutrons are located in the nucleus

neutrons are neutroal with a mass of one amu

proteons are postive one charge with a mass of one amu

proteons and neu7tons are in teh nuclus of an atom

electorns are 1/1800000000th of the mass of proton or neuton witha. negative charfeg oe one.

neutrons are neutrol proteons are charge they are in the nucleus and atjmoucweight ofone amu

electrons are 1800 of the weigh of the proton or neuton and have a elecrton negative chargte. they are in the distance regtions of the nculus called electron orbitals.

electorns are in electron orbitals floating around and negative chartgte away from proteon and neutrons in the nucleus. .. .

chemicl symbol is unito t eachother

it usualy idenfitied by first letter or first two

atomic numb er is the nymber of the protons in an atom of element located above the symbl

acerage atomic mass of both protons and enrons

atomic mass is the numjber of proteons and nuetrons combined weight

the atomic number is the proton

atomic number is the number of proteons .

atomic number is the number of protoens in an attom

the atomic mass is prton andnuetons wiehg

the electorn engative charge and 1/1800 less heavy

detmeingin the number of subparticle = proton number is the atomic number

the neutron number is the atomic mass - the atomic nymber

the electron number is also the proton number

proton and electrons are the same

diagrmming atomic strucuter - an atom ha shsells of electrons around the nuclus eahc shell has givene enrgy level and holds a limited nymber of electrons. The inner mo shell has two electrons second shell holds eight shell closes to te nuvleus must fill up first

the inner most hell hs two electrons and the second must fill up eight and the closer ones get filled up first. there are energy shells

isoptopes are different atoms of the same element - same number of protons an electosn but different number of neutrons. isotopies are differenta atoms of the same elemtn same protons and electons but different neutrons. . . like carbon 12 has 6 neurons cabron 13 has 7 neutons and carbon 14 has 8 neutrons. . .

carbon 12 has 6 neurons and carbon13 has. 7 neutron

istoptpses arfe differfent atoms of the same element meaning they jsut have different number of neutrons.

weighted averag of atomic mass fo all isotpes is the amu averate atomic mass radioistopes contain excess neutrons so they are chemically usntable.

radioisotpes contain excess neutrons and are chemically usntable. there are isotpes with same number of protons and electorns but different number of neutrons liek carbon has three isotpes meaning different atoms meanign differen number of neutrons. the average atmic mas amu is the average weight for all isotopes and then there radioisotpies whcih ahs excessive amoutns of neutrons tha mkaes it chemically usntabel. these radioostopes are radioactive and release raditions. and will decay to more stable isotope. . . . these radioisitopes are more neutron, excessive, unstable, and will decay to mjore stable isotopes

phsyical half life the time for 50% of radiositope to become sbale can vary from a few hours to thousnads of years

physical half life is. the time for 50% of radiositopes to beocme stable. physical half life is the time for radio istopes to beocme stable

bioglical time is the time reaquired for half of the radioactive material from a test to be elemnitated from the body.

biological half lif eis the time for the body to eleimate half of the radioatcitve matieral that has entered the body. . .

so the physical half life is the time for half of the radioactive isotope to become stable

biological half life is the time for half of the matieralis gotten rid of by the body

periodic table is organized into columns based on number of electrons in outer shell refered to as valence shell. periodi table is organized into colums based on the number of electrons in the outer shell refereced to as valence shell and valence electrons.

the periodic table is organized into columns based on the number of electrons in the outer shell refered to as valence shell column menaing veritcle column

the column in the p table is organized by the number of valence shell . . . the last colum has a full valence shell 8

elemtns tend to lose gain or share electrons to obtain complete outer shells with eight electrons known as the octet rule. . . some elemnt have a complete otuer shell so are stable and unreactive. . . some elemtns tend to lsoe or gain

chemical compounds: stable association between two or more elemtns comnined in a fixed ration calssfied as ionic or moelculer… elements combined in a fixed ration classfied as ionic or molculear

ionic or moelcular - ionic compounds are held together by ionic bondsin a lattice

chemical compound is two or more elemnts bondined in a fixed raiton ionic or moelcule. ionic compounds are held by ionincbondes. ionare atomswith psotive or netive charees. produced from loss or gain of one of more electrons.

chlorine raeahces stability by gainin an electorn now satisifes the octet rule now has 17 proteons and 18 eleconts

cation lsoes + and anion gains -

polyatonmic ions are ions with more than one atome cations

polyatomic ions are ions with more than one atom

so ionic compounds have no charge overall and the poly atomic ion has a net chargte

electrostatic attractions are opposite attaraction one postive and one negative. . like salts

electrostatic attracftiosn are called salts becaus eons i positive and one is negative like salt sALT nacl electorstatice attraction NACL positve and negative in a lattic srystal structure.

covalently bonded mocluels -share between two or more alements .

covanely bonded mocfluels are sharing between atoms of two or more elemnts… chemical formular and mocluelar strucutre the molcular formula indicates the numbera nd tpe of atoms in a compound

theres structural fomula which indicates the number and type of atoms indicates arrangement of atoms within the mocluels and allows differfention fo isomers (same number and type of elemnts bud arranged differently inspace)…

again there is the mocluleare formula and strucutral which allows for isomers which are same elemnts just different arragnment. . .

covalently comounds are neutral and equal sharing of electorns. covalent compoudns allow for siomers which are diferent reagements of the structual formula. .

glucose vs galctose vs fructioes same moelcular formula but different arragement of atoms. isomers have different chemcial properties

glucose furcture and galactose are isomers they have different arragngments. covalent bonds are equal sharing, neutral the most common vacalent atoms are CHON

carbon hydrongen oxygen and nitrogen CHOCN CHOCNC CHON CHON CHON CHON CHON CHON

caovalent bonds both atoms require relectons. o is 2

h is 1

n is 3

c is 4

single covelnt bond is one pare of electons shared

doub le covelnt bond is two pairs of electrons hsared

and truple is three pairs of electons shared covalent bond satsfied the octet rule

carbond in a straigh chains are called carbon skeleton carbond where lines meet at an angle. Carbon skelton the carbon present where

covlaent bonds - nonpolar and polar covelnt bonds - electrongetigvity is the realtive attraction of each atom for electorns and detmeines how electrosna are shared . . . . .

so electrongetivity dtermien how attracted an atomis is for electrons.

two atoms of smale elemnt have equal attraction for electsons resuling in bonds that are nonpolar covelnt - sharing of electrons unequally are polar astheptable goes up and to the right he electrognetiveyt will icnrease - the 4 most common elemnts compsoing living orgains form leat to greatest engativity is hydrogen carbon nitrogen and oxygen . .

electrons have negative chargelthe more electrongeative gets a negative charge and the less electronegative atoms devlops a partial postive charge. amphipthic molcuels are molcules iwth both polar and nonpolar regions…. am[hiphatihc molcuels are largemoclules with both polar and nopolar regions. amphipathic moclules are those iwth both polar and nonpolar regions like lipids in the lipid phoshplayer

wak chemical attractions between moclules important for the shape of ocmpelx moclules - there are hydrogen bonds which forms between polar mocluels

hydrogren bonds is HO CH

attraction between particlly postive H nand partially negative atom. . the more electronegative atom gets a -

other intermolcular attractions -

unequal charges in nonpolar molecules

hydrogen bonds are weak

unequal charges in nonpolar moclules -

hydrophonic interactiosn nonpolar moclules placed in a poalr sustance

intermolcular attractions - unequal charges in nonpolar moclules - electorns orbignit nuclus brifley ineqevelu distrbuted - induced

so polar means that it is unevely distrbuted and

nonpolar means there is no pull

hydrophinc interactions are nonpolar

they dont like water because water is polar and these hydrophobic are nonpolar. . . intramoclualr intearctiosn

moclules are classified as: orgaic molcules and inorganic molcules

oganic

organic molcules are part of a livin organims like protein - carbon - nuclues -

inorganic molcules are acids, bases, acids, water, air

water composes two thirds of the humab body by weight

polar moclules

organic moclules means anything that has been lviing

water composes two thirs od he human

water ocmposes two thirs of the human body by weight

polar molecule - one

nonpolar is hydrophobic because its scared of the water that is polar

polar

water has three phases depending on temjperate gas liqud or solid…

liquid water tranports subtsnace dissovled inw ater move easily throughthe body

lubricastes decfrease friction between body structures

cushiosn - absobrs sudden force of body mvoemnts - excretes watste

tranpsort lubricates cushions and exretes waste -

tranports substance dissovle in water oves easily through the body

transport and moves studd through the body easily

tranpiprts and moves stuff throghy the body easily

lubricate sdecarses

transports, lubricates, cushions, and excretes

transports and disoolved inw ater move easily through the body

transports liquids through the body easily

lubraicates between body structures and reduced friciotn

cushions :abosbrd sudden force of body movment

excretes waestel unwanted substance disoolve in water are easily elimated

lubricates - meaning reduces friction in body structures

cushions_ absobrd sudden movemnt and force

excretes unwated substance

cushions - lubricates - tranp;osrts - excretes

cohesion surface tension an adhesion

cohesion is teh attraction between water mojcluels due to hydrogven bonding

adhen esion is attraction between water mjoclules and a subtance other than water

cohesion - attraction between molcules due to hdyrogen bonding

cohesion - attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding

cohesion - attraction between water molvules water on water due to hydrogen bond

adhesion mocluels on substance other than water

adhesion - water molcule and a substgrace3 other than water\

surface tension - cohesive foces. at surface of water. . .

surface tension; inward pulling of cohesive \

surface tension

COOOhesion - water on water

ADjesion -w ater and surface

Surrfrace Tension - inward pulling of cohesive forces at surface ofw ater - cuases mois sacs of air in lungs to college

surfactant, a lipor

hgih specific heat and high heat of vaporizatio -

temprature - measure of kientic energy of atomos or mjolcules iwthin a substance -

specific heat - amount of energy required to increase temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celius -

water is the solvent of the body -a solvent isusally a liquid that disolves oen or more solutes

water is the solvent of the body. solvent is suually a liquid that dissolves one or more solutes

water is called unversal solvent because most subtances dissolve in it;. Chemcial [roperteis of. subtance detmerine whertet it dissolve or not

substance that issolve in water are polar molcules hyrophili and ions -

hydrophilic means water lovint which is polar and ions

watter surrounds substances forms a hydration shell

water surrounds subsances and forms a hyrations hell - some substnces dissolve but ramin intact like glucose alcohol =

some substance dissolve but remain intact - noneclectrolu7yes remin intact but do noconduct current

matter has mass and occupies space there are three forms of matter there is solid liquid and gas - atoms are the smllest partclkle of an elemtna and they have protons, neutrons, and electrons

neutrons are 1 amu and are neutral

protons are 1 amu and are postive charge

electrons are 1/1800 of a proton and negative charge

protons and neutrons are the atomic mass and inside the nucleus and electorns are ousisde as valence shells in the electron orbital

theres the chenmical symnbol

the atomic number which is above the symbol - the atomic number is the protons and the atmoc mass is protons and neutrons and to figure out neutrons we will subtract mass - atomic number and the electrons are the same as atomic number protones.

the electrons shells the first shell has to be filled in first with two and then it goes 8 to fill in the ouctect.

isotopes are different atoms of the same elements - the åverage mass is the average mass of all the isotopes of the same atom

radioisitopes have more neutrons and this makes it unstatble and radioactive

the half life is the amount of time it takes for 50% of the element to be more stable and less radioistopicy

and the biological half life is the amount of time the body takes for it teleimate the radioactive material from the body.

the p table there are 92 elekmnts and the electons are organized b y the valence shells a cloym is organize dby valence shell.

the valence shell is the outer most shell - and the column organizes it by how many electrons in the valence shell. . .

elements tend to lose or gain electorns in order to complete their octect. the stable unreactie elemts are the noble gases because they already have their octect completel.

chemical compounds - two or more elemts put together there is ionic compounds and mocluelar compounds -

ionic compounds are negative and positive with an overall chcrage. .

atoms with postive charge or negative charge -

produced from loss or gain of one or more electrons - ionic compound are strucutres coposed of ions held toether in a lattic by ionic bonds - ionic compounds are structures of ions held together in a lattic by ionic bonds ionic bonds ionic ocmpounds latttic

ionic compounds are held together in a lattice by ionic bonds -

ions are atoms with psotive or negativ echarges and produced from loos or gain of one or more electrons -

losking electriosn forms an cation like sodium which can reach stability by donating and electrons and now it statisces an octect

gaining electrons is the formation of an anion

ionic compounds are elemts ions held togehte rby a lattic by ionic cbonds

polyatomic ions are ions with more than one atom polyatomic ions are ions with more than one atom

polyatomic ions are inons

ionic compounds non net charge

polyatmoic cions have. a net charge

cations and anions are bounded by electrostatic attractions

cations and anions are bounded by electrostatic attractions - these are called salts

cations and anions are bounded by electrostatic attractiosnt ehse are called salts

example a na cl each sodium atom loses one outer shell eletron to chlor

okie electrostatic reaction is when postive and negative is attracted to eachother na cl is an ionic compound held together in a lattic structure. . na+ cl- meaning na will lose and cl will gain.

in mangeisum chloride each macnsium loses on electron to two chloring and this is a salt and ionic compound

covalently bonded molcule share twoebeen two or mole elemnts loke co2 but not o2

glucose, fractiose , and galactose are all te same moelcular formula but different isomer

single covalent bond are one pair of electrons are share

double covalent bond are two electrons shared

\

carbon bonds in a straigh chain branched chains or rings called carbon skeleton

covalent bonds are sharing of eleconts this can be even or uneven -

this depends on the atoms electronegativity - the more elecronegative the stronger the pull and the most electro negative atom is the one that gets the - and the least the + and the electronegativity says how bad ane elemnt wants a electrons

this makes a compound polar and nonpolar if the equal sharing and ela electrongateiviyt

water H2o is poalr and hydrophilic

nonpolar is hydrophobic

amiphathic molcuesl are large moclules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts which is like lipids in a membrane.

CH is nonpolar

intermolcular intractions weak ainteractiosn are hydrogen bonds - hweak interactions are hydrogen bonds - they from between polar molcules HO - partially negative and poartially postive interaction

water is a tranpsoter -lubricator - waste excerter - cushion

cohesion is CO - meaning same water on water

ahdesion is water on surface

and surface tension - is the puling of choesive foces at surace of water - the strong cohesion foce at the suface of water - this causes mois sacs of air in the lungs to collapse

properites of water - it is termpature

specific heat and heat of vaprozation -

proprites of water it is high specif c heat and high heat of vaprization

temrpature: measure of kientic energy of atoms or molcules iwthin a susbtance

Specific heat is the amount o f energy needed to icnrease termpatore of 1gram of a substacne by 1 ceclius

waters value extermly high due to energy needed to break hdyrogen bods - waters value extremly high due to energy needed to break hydrogen bonds contributes to keeping body tem constant. .

temperature is the measure of kinetic energy of atoms

specific heat is thea mount of energy required to increase temrpeaure of 1 gram of stance

specific heat ist he energy needed to increase temp of 1 gram . waters value is high due to the enrgy needed to breaj hdyrogen bonds

heat of vaporziation ist eh heat reqauired fo realse of meolcules from liquuid phase to gas phase for 1 gram of a substance

temrpature is the measure of kintetic energy in a mcolules

specific heat is the amount of energy needed to reaise the temprature by one gram/// waters specific heat is high because of the energy needed to break hydrogen bonds

heat of vaporzation is the head reuqired for relasee of moelcules form a liquidn phase into a gas fase

watersv alue fo heat of vapirization is high because of the hydrogen bonds. sweatingv cools body, excess heat dissipated as water evaporsates

water is the solvent of the body a solvent is a liquid that dissolves one or more solutes - water is the solventof the body a solvent is usually a liquid that dissolves one or mre solutes

water is the solvent - the solvent dissolves solvent and the solut e is the one that is being didsolved

water is the universla solvent because more substances dissovle in it cemical properites of stubstance detmerine whetier it will dissolv ein the solvent as the solute -

sustances that dissolve in water are polar mjoclules and ions

things that are dissolvable solutes

dissolable are things that are polar and ions

polar molcules and ions

hydropilic means waterloving - so thins that are hydrophilic meaning water lovint and ions polar

water is polar so we want dissolvabel things in water

water surrounds substancs and forms a hydrations shell - some substances dissolv ebut remain intact like glucose and alcholl. sme things dissolv ebut remain itnact. water surrounds substances forms a hhdration shell. -

non electrolytes remin intact but do not condduct current - non electroltyte remina intact but do not connduct current -

some substances dissolve and sdissaosciate

non electrolyes remin intact dissolve but do not donctudct current

nonelectrolyest remain intact but do not conduct current - non electrolyes remain intact but do not conduct current - some substances sissolve and dissacotae/serpate like na cl dissoaicte into na cl acids and bases also like H cl

eelctrolhytes conduct

electrolytes conduct current and dssolve but non electrolytes do not conduct current

water is the unviersla solvent -

substances that are not disolvabel are nonpolar mjolcules

nonpolar substances are not dissolvable

hydrophobnic meains water fearing

hydrophobnic exlusion

hydrophobic exclusion - cohesive water moclules force out non polar moclules

cohesive -hydrophobic exlusion - coheisve water moclules force out nonpolar moclules

hdydrophobic exlusion = coehsive water mocluels will push out nonpolar moelcules

exlcuded molcuels interact via hydrophonic interactions

hydrophjobic substances require carier proteins to be transported within the bllod -

yhyrpuhobic exlusion is when cohesin water mjocluels exlcuse nonpolar mojclules

this exlucsed mjocluesl interact via hydrophobic intearctios - hyrophobnc substaces require carrier proteins to be transported withing the blood

hydrophiobnic substances require carrier proteins to be transported within the blood. hydrophonic substancees reuquire carrier proteins to be tranported within the blood.

so because substance is hydrophonic it needs carrier proteins for it to be transported within the blood likef asts and cholesteral are not dissovlable within water so it needs carrier proteisn for it to bne transported wihin the blood.

substatacnes tahre amiphathic have polar and nonpolar reigons - polar part is dissolveale inw ater and the n onopolar portion repllebd by water - like phsohoplipid mocluels are amiphjathic their heads intearct iwth water and the tails tgroup together to form in the bnilater f otjt ehosolid mcolules

otherf amipathic mocluesl from a micelle wh8ich is a circle. a micelle is a circle .non electrolute do not conduct current and electryltes do connect cureent but are non dissolable and they do connduct current .

acid bases and salts dissolve and fall oapart

water spontaneouly dissociate to form ions between ocygen and hydrogen breaks apart sponelys OH and then an H

the H is transfcered to a second water ocluels the H+ and the the oh - is chilling . equal number of postive h+ ions and negative OH ions produced water remisn neutral there is no

H2o+H2_ → H3) _ Oh simplied to H2Oneg charge

water spontab ly dissocates to form ions =- bond between oxygen and hydrogen breaks apart spontaneously OH - and H+ and then it cn give it H30 and oH- water remains neutal has no net charfgte

H2O + H2O

an acid disscoaites in water to produce H” and an anion called a proton donor

Acids HA are proton donotsr they will give H+

increases concentration of free H+

more accisated with H” arwith strong acid HCL

less disscoated of H are weak acids caboind acid in bloo d

Strong acids watn to tget their H+ away

and weak acids dont want to gieve away their H+

acidic solution formed with addtion of acid to water substance a —> H” and anion

hcl will disassicatge into H and cl

ion

and the acids are H donors and acidi solution with addition of acid to water substance a will disoslve int o H and anion

so with water hte acid will remove h

and with base it will aceept and H when added to s asolvent this s a proton acceptor .. decrease the cocnentraiton of free h+ and the acids will icnreaese the concentration fo free H”

more absorngin with H+ with strong base and less absorion with a weak base

basic solutions formed with the addion to water will rsult in base

O + H → OH

pH is the measure of H+

realtive amount of H in a solutions i sbetween 0 and 14 and the pH of plain water is 7

water disscated to proteion 1× 10^-6 of H and oH ions per liter ph and H” are inversley reateld

interperation the pH scale : soltuoins with equal concentraion of H and oH ionare neutral soltuiosn with greater concentrion fo H+ are acidi greated then ph 7 and the lesser concentiron of H are basic if theyre less then the phH 7

moving form one increment to the next is a 10 fold change ph 6 has 0 times greater h+ than pure wtaer

moving from one incremnet ot next is a 10 fold change for ph hs 10times greater H than pure water

pH closer to 0 is acidi and ph closer to 14 is basic

neutralizaiton - when acidic or basic soltuions is returned to neutral ph7

acids enturalized by adding baseds bases neutralized by adding acid

buffers help prevent pH changes if excess acid or base iws added

buffers help prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added

accept H from access aic dor donate h to neutalze base

neutralization is when an acid or base is nretunred ot neutal ph

buffers help prevent pH chsnge if excess acid or base is addeed

it accepts H frojm acces acid or donate H to neutralize base

buffers prevent pH chae

carbonic acid and bicoanrte whiteh are weak acid and weak base buffer blood pH

carbonic acid is weak and bicarbonate is weak base and buffer blood pH

carbonic acid weak acid and bicarbonae weak bcase buffere blood pH

mixtures are formed from bingin two ormore substances -

two definign features

water mixtures nare formed from boning two or mojre ssustbaces - two definfing featres are substacnes mixed are not chemically changed

substacnes can be seprated by phsucal means

sunscances can be sperated by pshucal means

subsances can be mixed but not chejmically changed iwth water 0

substances can be serpeated by phsycail mean smeanign ecpoation or filteration.

thre categroies of water mixtures

there is suspsension: mateiral larger in size then 1 mm mixed iwth water

does not remin mied nless in mojtions appears clody or opaque scatters light

subcsances can sepreated by pshucal means

so

so substension amteiral largter in size than 1 mm mized with water lik blolod cells or sand in water

do s not reminmixed uncless in mjotions appears cloydu

colloid - smaller particles than suspestion - but larger than thsoe ins a solution like fluid in cell cytosol and fluid in bloos palsma reminas mixedwhen not in motions

solutiosn: homogenous mixture of mateiral smaller than 1 nanometer dissolves in water like sugar water

does not scarrter loigjt

doesnt not settlf if not in motion

so we got the biggest being suspoension big scatters light flodcy and we need to swish to mix

colloid is smaller and does remain mixed even when ot in motion and sctters ligjt

solution

suspension - colloid - solution - does not scatter light but doenst not settle if solution is not in motion and it dissolve in water these are homegnoi mixture

special category of colloid: emulsion

suspension is the material does not mix unless it is in motion and it appears cloud or ipque scatters lid

colloid is when smaller particles than suspension remians mixed when not i motion and scatters light

emiltions i a category of colloid - water and nonpolar liquid water + a nonpolar liquid like oil does not mix unless shaken

and solution

again we got suspension that will not mix unless in motion and will settle and scatters ligjt

we got colloids which are mixed when not in motion and scatters light and cloudy

we got emulsions which are not mixed and settles unless its in motion like oil - emilsion is a nonpolar + water

and we got solution which is fully mixed no scattering

concentraiton is determined by the amount of solute dissolved in a solution expression of concentraitonL

mass/volume; mass o solute per volumte of solution like blood cells/liquid

mass/volume is mass of solute per volume of solution

masvolume percent: grams of solute per 100ml solution

concentration is dteremined but eha mount of solute dissolved in a solution

concentration is determined by the amount of solute in a dissolved ina. solutiion

mass/volume is the mass of solute per voluem of solution

mass / volume is the amount of solute per solution volume

mass/volume percent is the gram of solute per 100ml solution

biological

macromoluesl : gneral charcterist

ivological mactomolcules are large organic cmoluesl mad eby the body that phave CHONPS

carboskeleton can take a variety of froms

hydrocarbons contain only C and H

consins function groups most are polar and eble to hydrogen bond some act liek acids and others act like bases

CLaPiN

Carbol lipids protien nucleo acids

dehdration synteis is he making of macromoclujles - dehydration sysntehsi si the makingo monomers hydrolsysi si adding water to break them apart. . .

Dehyration syntheis is the removal of water to join monomers

hydrolysis - adding water to break away

lipids lipids are diverse groups of non polar water sinoluble moclules - fucnion as sotred dnergy, cellular membrane ocmpon es, homrones

triglycerides - phsholipids steroids and

okie forward ig -

compare and contrast the scients of anatomy and physiology? in short anatomy is the study of stsructure ad physiology is the study of fucntion

list the steps in scientific and how scieintif method has been used to anaotmy and physiology - so fist u observe a natural phenonmon, then u come up with a n explanitnion calle dhyptohesis to try to understand this event. then u test and come up with an expeirment to test the hypothesis. then u determine if the hypothesis should be accedpted, rejected and mjodified.

c and c the subdiviions in micoro and gross anaotmy - microsopic has cytology whic is the study of the cell and histology is the study of tissue - so micropsic anatomy will use microsope it i the study of sructure through the unaided eye. then theres grosw which actually involves like dissectin and there are ssemic anotmy looking at the structure of each system, regional looking sturues as a region, emrbologic pathology looking at the devlopment of the fetus - comparitve - comparing trucutre of different species - we also got research and disease condution antoamy which is patholigcal antomy and radiographic anatomy . lol i forgot about surface anatomy which is a thing tho

c and c the subs of physiology -

there is respiratory - lungs - caridovas - nerophysiology - reproductive - patholgic

without form there is no understanding fucntion whcih we need for medicine

TEST UR UNDERSTANDING -

what is the relationship between anatomy and physiology? - antaomy is study of structure and phsiology is study of the function

How might the knowdlege of surface anatomy be improtant for a healthcare worker during a CPR emergency? - this is so the healthcare worker to palatate ath located the xiphoid process of the stermun. to start CPR compression - to located the xipholid process of the sternum and move hands slightly up /suprieor to start CPR chest compressions. xiphoiloid proccess of the sternum

WHich field of physiology examines he heart bllood vessels and blood funciton? - this is cardiovascular

compare and contrast how and anaotmist and phsyiolgist specifally descube the small intestine -

anatomist focus on thes trucure lik the cells and tissues of the small indestine and desceibe the layer of the smallintestine. phsyiologist focus on the funciton and how muslces intenstie prel food through the digestive system and nutrients are obstobred.

back to it -

List and explain the charactersitcs common to all living things -

there is organizaiton of the complex system and order. There is responsivness to stimuli ,then theres regulation of interal functions, temperature = homeostasis which is the meiantence of the interal funcitons as the envnrioment changes. there is metabolism anabolism and catbolsim which is the anabolism is putting who thigns together and catabolsim is breaking away moclules - but metabolism is all chem reactions in the body- there is growth and developoemtn -allows for growth and developmetn - reproduction of cells , tissues, and sex cells.

describe the levels of organziation in the human body - there is atoms, molecules, macromplcules, orgenelle, cell , tissues, organ, organ system, organism. cell is the basic unit of life. cell is the basic unit of life. and macromoles are proteinc carbons nuclic acids and lipids. PCNL.

compare and ocnstast the organ systmes of the body -

integumetary which is the hair nails skin and glands - these secrete secretions, prevent water loss, houses sensory nerves, protections, vitamind d

Skeletal - provides calcium, phshnours, protection and support, hemopoesis (making of blood cells), provides attachment site for ligaments and tissues

muclar -provides movement and when muscles contracts it realses heat

Nervous system - neruons, spine brain, intelligency, memory, controls muscle and stimuli

Endocrine ysstem - glands and cells that releases hromones for reproduction and development. Controls the disgestive process. also is maintiang blood volume and composition. Reproduction development and metabolism.

cardiovascular system - this is the heart, blood vessels, and blood - heart pumps blood thprugh vessels to distrubute gas, nutrients, waste , and hormones through the entire body

endocrine system - for immune response and lumpnodes - fluid is passed through the lymp system

Respiratory system - transports gas through lungs to blood.

Urinary system - collects waste fom the blood and into the urine to excrete as waste - kidnes and uterer

Digestive system - absobrs nutriens and expells

Rpeoducive system - gonds produces sec cells and sex hormons

Test your understanding -

What does it mean if an organism is repsonive and how does this characterstic relate to the survival of this organsim

the ability for an organims to respond to responsivness is the ability for an organims to maintain an entermal constant interal enviroment as the evneioment around them changes

reposnivenss is the ability of an oragnims to resmpind to stimuli such as changin interal and external enviroment and it has mechan ism for mainign a constant ineteral enviroment .

Descibe the anatomic postion and its iporantce in the tudy of anaotmy - upright, feet parlalle, eyes leveled,

there is the midsagital, transferver, coronal , sagital unequeven, obliqye across the body . there are superior inferior cephalic and cuadral, rostral, theres ventral anterior, dorsal and infererior. medial is middle lateral is away. proximal is going up and distal is going down. contralalter ipsialterla, deep and superficial.

the major regions of the body are the axial region and the appendicular regions - these are the head neck and trunk and appendicular reigon are the upper and lower limbs

there are the structure and functions of serous membranes in the ventral cavities - there is pariteal which is the further one and the visceral.

receptor stimilus -

diabeteies is an example of homestatic imabalnce - hoemstatic eimable - biabetes is an example of hoemstatic imabalce - for regulating blolod glucose are not funcitoning normally - blood glucose fluctation and high gluclose readings treating patienst involves a dianonsis a specific cuase of theomstatic imbalance.

biabetes is an example of hoemstatice imabalnce - occurs when hoemstatic mec hanims fo regualting blood glucose are not funcitoning normally - blood glucose fluncation and high glycose readings - treating patients involves findin a diagnoisis a specific cause of the heomstatic imbalance.

drugsn affect nomral heomstatic control mecahnisms patients with depression have lower levels of serotning, therefore SSRI durgs block reuptake of sertonin into nerve cells in brain, thus prlongin its effects. ssir helps elevelts levels of seroningn in the patients with depresion . side effects are neve cells of digestive system - neause, upset stomach -

ssrI reuptake of sroning in nerve cells in brain thus prolonging its effects. ppl with depression have low serioning levels thereyfore ssir will sop the reupake of seretoning levels

homestatic imabalnce will prevent the fucking negative and posive feedback therefore making it more suusptible to diseases liek diabete because the body cant go back toregular state.

elements are arragned by atomic number in the ros and hen they arraned in he column by valence electrons.

neutrons protons ae inside and electorns outside

an isotope is different atoms making up the same element - carbon 1213 14 but it depends on the number of neutrons. there are more neutrons then it is a radioidisope which idffeents because it is more reactive, radioactive, and unstable. they decay over time to become more stable isotopes.

physical time is nthe amount of time it atakes fro half of the radiosotpes to go back to normal

and biolivial life is the amount of time it takes for the body to remove half of the radioactive material. this also applies to drugts and hro9mones. agains bioligial life also applies to drugts and horomes.

the octect rule- fucking elements want to have 8 valence electrons in their outer shell so they either want to gain or lose some to get some. either cation or anions.

and ion is a postive or a negative atom.

cation wants to lose elctrons to hav e 8 and anion wants to gain electorns to complete 8

common ions in the body, calcium, posttasium, soldium, chloride,

ionic compound has no net charge and is an ionic bond held together by electrostatic attraction meaning (+ and - ) are attracted to eachother. iioinic compounds are salts nacl and no net charge, and dissolve in solution, and gay.

ionic compou7nds are held toether in a lattic by ionic bonds - iionic compounds ar eheld togehter in a lattic strucutre by ionic bonds.

Ionic bonds are formed through anion and cation. overall comppund has no net chage ebcause the postive and negative charges balance. Ions are held together by their electrostatic attraction creating a crysal lattic strucuter. they are often called salts. ionic bonds didolve in water.

polyatomic ions are made up of several atoms like sulfate and they do have net charge.

moceular fomula states how many atoms there are and of each kind to make a compound

the structural formula is the rearagment of the moclualr formula but isomedrs are different reagents of different compounds that have the same moelcular formul

a covlanet bond is the sharing of electorns because they both need it . they both need to complete the octet rule so the atoms share electorns.

OOPS covalent bodns are CHNOP

single double and triple bond - is that the ing;e bond is the sharing of a paire of elecontr,s oduble is two pairs, and truple is three pairs.

electronegative atoms have a - and th enono electronegative have a + partial - and partial +

the more electronegative is the more the pull for electons from taht atom therefore if there is a differen in pull then there is polarity if there is equal negativity then they are nonpolar.

amipathic molcule is that the molcule that is large has polar and non polar sections. water is polar and hydrophilic non polr meanins hydrophobic -

hydrobgen bonds are formed between polar mocluels - this is attractgion between partilly psotive and poratilly negative atoms, indivually weak collectly strong. hydrogen bonds are attracted to polar molcules because of partial postive they have and partal negative the poalr is. indivial weak and collectlvey strong.

unequal charges in nonpolar mocluels -

unequal charges in nonpolar mcolules - electonr orbiting neuclus brievely unevely disbuted, induce unequal disbution of adjacent atoms of another nonpolar moclules -

unequal chafrges in nonpolar mocluesl - electorns orbiting nucleus brifely, enev -

intramoclular attractoins

hydriphobic interactions - nonopolar movlules placed in a polar substance - if this occurs within parts of alarge overall jmoclule this is intramoclular

molcar structure and propeties of water -water compsoes two thirs of the human body by weight -

can form four thydrogen bonds with adjavent moclules

oxygen has two partial negatigve charges

propties of water - hydrophilic - polar - lattic structure

transporter

lubricator -

cushio

waste extrator

cohesion - water on wate

adhesion - water on suface

surface tension - cohesion bonds will provide - surface of water

specifc heat and heat of vaporzation - temperature is the amount of kinetic energy needed to raise the termparture

temperature is the measure of kineti c engery in an atomic

heat of vaporzatio i themount of heat/energy needed to raise the termature by one and water has hgih specifi cheat and heat of vapirzation due to the hydrogen bonds that need tot be brokens,

water is the universal solvent of the body because it dissolves solutes.

hydro

electrolyte conduct current and are dissolvable

non electrolues are dissolable and break aprt but do not conduct current.

acid or base - sissolve in h and cl

HYDROPHOBIC EXLCUSION — polar ions will push out the nonolar ones to interact via hydrophonic interactions.

when water jmjoclules dissasocite it leaves a H+ and OH-

H+a → HA

acids are proton donors and bases are protons acepors -

pH for water is 7 when it is closer to 0its more acid and closer to 14 is basic

Neutralization of both acid and base includses. the stronger the acid the more willing it is to donat ethea tH+

Nuetralization is when an acid or basi solution is retunre to neutral pH 7 - so acids are neutralized by adding base like stomach acid beinga dded base and bases neutralize an acid.

how to neutralize - we add acids to bases and bases to acids to return back to neutral PH

buffers keep the pH stabilith. SO it keeps it from being to acid by accepting the extra h+ from accids if there are excess h”

buffers will keep the pH stability by accepting the extra h+ from acids and giving h to bases if there is excess to keep it from fucking up the pH

ph for blood is 7.35 to 7.45

mixture are mixture of two solutions - llike

suspension - scater light, cloudy, and not mixed unless in motion

-larger matieral lok bood cells in plasma

like blood cells in palsma

colloid - refract light, mixed without moving it, - fluid in cytosol

emulsion -requires to be moved, refracts light, - water and nonpolar

solution - filly mixed like sugar in water, clear, no refractions- \

concentration is determined by the amount of solte dissolved in a solution - now

expression the concentration of solute in a solution

mass/volume - grams of solute per solution

percent mass /volume - grams of solute per 100ml of solution

molarity - moles solute /l solution

moalrity - moles solute/ Lsoltuion

molarity is moles solute/L solution which changes in temp, mroe eaisly measure in the body tna molality

molarity changes with temp in the ody and easier to measure than molaliy

molarity is moles of l solution

and molality is moles /kg solvent

molaoityh is moles/kg solvent

molarity is moles/L solution

changes iwth temp and easier to measure in the body

gsolute per 100ml of solution

solute over volume of solution

osmoles - unite pf measure for the number of particles in a solution - it tells u wheater th substance dissolves, disollves and dissociate,

osmoles - meausre of number of particles in a solution

somalrity is the number of particles in a 1L solution -

somality is the number of particles in 1kg of water whichi s more accurate but difficult to measure

molarity is moles/ Lsolution

osmoles - meaure of particles in solution

osmolarity - particles/ L solutions - easire to meausre - blood serum expressed as miliomoles

molality - moles/kg solvent (water)

osmlality is partles /kg of water

molality -

is moles/ kg solvent water

and somality is particls /kg water

somlarity is particles/l solution

osmoles - measure of particles in solution

moles is 6.022 × 1023

to find molculear mass we multpley number of units of each elemty by averatet atomic mass

Biological macromoles - large organim cmolules syntehsized in the body CLaPiN

lipi,ds protien, nucluc acids, carbohydrates

CLaPiN

carbon skelets on like hydrovarbonds contain c and H

they can also contain functional groups most are polar

polymers moclules made up of monosner.

CLaPiN are polymers whcih are mocluels made up the same preating material

Carbodhydrates - sugar

Protein - amino acids

Nuclic acids - nucleotides

two monomers - form a dimer

mononmer - dimers

• monomer repeating more than two is a polymer

• cabrosn are made of sugar

• proteins of ;amino acids

• and neilcic acids of nucleotids

dehydration sysntehsis is compining two monoers by removing water

one unit loses H and nother oh

hydrolysis si adding water to break apart and one gain H and another gains OH

Lipids are divesre roups of nonpolar, water insoluabel molecules,

function as stored nergy, cellular memb rane components, holrmones

four types of lipids PETS

phosholids - eicosanoids

EICOsanoids

Tryglcerisde

sterioids

lipids are group of nonpolar, water insolubel mcolules, fucntion as stored engy, cellular mmebrane componenets, hromones

PETS

phosholipds, triglycers eicodoids and sterioids PETS

lipids store energyt, cellular ponents, and hrlomones

trigluycerides - used for long term energy storage, formed from glycerol and three fatty acids

lipids are for energy storage -they are for cellular components - they are for homrones

there are four types and those types are phsohplipids tryglicerisdes, and steoruids, and ecoisoids

triglycerides are used for long term enregy storage, fromed from glucerol and three fattya cids

lipids are non polar inoluable moclules

they are energy storage, cellular componenets for the membrane, and hormones

there are four types

pets is phosholipids, trigleride and ecoidoids and steroids

triglyceroids are for energy storage. . . they are for long term energy storage, from from glyceral and three fatty acids, triglycerids are for energy stoarage tahta are long term, glycerol and three fatty acids. .

glycerola and three fattu acids

triglyceride is for long term energy formed from glycerol n three fatty acids

fatty acids vary in length and nmber of double bonds

saturated fatty acids lack double bonds

unsaturated fatty acids have one double bond

and pol

glycerol and three fatty acids is what makes triglyceride for lng term energy

there are satured, unsaured, and polunsatured fatty acids

saturated fatty acids have single bonds

unsatured fatty acids have double bonds which make a kind and polyunsatured fatty acids have two or more double bonds

lipogeneis - formation of trigluceride when conditions of excess nutrients exist

lipolysis is breakdown

lysis is to break

and geneis is to maked

lipogeneisis is to make more triglcerides when the body has too much nutrients and will then store it

saturated fatty acid slack

saturated fatty acids - lack double obond

unsaturated dounble bonds

polyunsatured two ore more double bonds

lipogeneis is aking of trigluceride

lipolysis is breakdown of triglceride ebcause the body neads more.

pets is the name of macromolcules

is the name of the lipids

Poshlate

eocioids, tri, and steroids

lipogeneisis is the making of trigluycerides for long term energy,

lipogeneisis is done through the process deygrydation syntehsisi. . tripcleride is made of glyverol and three fatty acids and making of them is through dehydration syntehsis si - lipogenesisi.

phosholipids are ampiphathic - molcules that serve as cheimcal bariers of cell membranes -

phoshplipids are the components ofthe cell membrane. amiphatic ,

pjosjpkopods structure similar to a triglyerice excet one enf ot he glyceraide has a polar phoshpate group.

so phoshplipids are three fatyy caacids, one glycerol and a polar phoshpate group. the glucerol, pshoate, and organic group are polar, from hydrophilic polar head and the the fatty acids are non polar from the polar head and the tail is nonpolar

amiphatic

steroids - are composed of hydrograpn arranged in a ring structure

phsohlipds are amiphatic moclules, they have three fatty acids

steroids are composed of hdyrovabrons arrange in a ring instead of a tail. four carbon rigns three 6 carb atoms

steroids are composed of hydrogcarbonds in a ring strucutre. thney are made u p on four carbons rings.

steroids - steroids are made up four carbon rings - three have 6 carbon atoms and one has five carbon f

steroids there are foru carbon rings and three are made up of six carbon and one is made ip of five carbon ring. \

differe in side chains extendin from their rings.

different side chains attached to their rings

choelsterol is a steroid - component of animal cell membrane - precursor o other steorud syntheisis

steorid hormones are testore and estrogen

bile salts

eicosanoids - modified 20 carbon fatty acid s- syntthesixed fron arachidoinic acid membrane ocmponenet - local singlaing mmoclule its promaru function in immlatory repsonse and e

seorids - choestorl is in he cell membrane precurors to other steourd ysntehsis

cholesory is t

eicosanoids - modieifed 20 carbon fatty acids- synheside from archinoid acid, it is a membrane compont ena dused for local singaling mcoluels. is rpimary fiction in fimmlamtory response and eicosanoids - modiifed 20 carbon fatty acids -