| Cleft lip/palate | Oral cavity | - maternal smoking, 6-7 week of gestation, feeding issues (more risk for aspirating into repository passage), multifactorial sign, surgery done ASAP and speech therapy and orthodontist. |
| Aphthous ulcers (canker) | Oral cavity - lips | Inflammatory lesions - streptococcus sanguis may be involved, small painful sessions, movable/ buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, soft pale, lateral borders of tongue |
| Candidiasis | Oral cavity - tongue | Candida albicans - causative agent, yeast fungus. Opportunistic organism, often part of resident flora.- babies get it because immune system is developing/ antibiotics can cause it (they take out good flora) Oral candidiasis (thrush) - broad spectrum antibiotics, during/after cancer therapy, immunocompromised or diabetes. Appearance: red, swollen, irritated white curdle patches |
| HSV-1 | Oral cavity - lips | Herpies simplex 1 infection - transmitted by kissing and close contact.remain dormant in sensory ganglion. When it arises it is blister, ulcers, clear fluid releases is when virus spreads Heal in 7-10 days but is dormant so it will recur when immune system is compromised (tired, stress, malnutrition) acute stage can be alleviated with antiviral medications. Can spread to eyes causing: conjunctivitis and keratosis |
| Syphilis | Oral cavity | Caused by treponema palladium (bacterium) causes oral lesions that are very contagious during the 1 and 2 stages. 1: chancre, painless ulcer on tongue, lip, palate (1-2 weeks heal) 2: red macules or papule on palate - highly infectious (heals spontaneously) Treat with long acting penicillin |
| Dental caries | Oral cavity - dental problems | Streptococcus mutant - initiating microbe (bacteria) lactobacillus follow in large numbers. Bacteria break down sugars and reduce large quantities of lactic acid which dissolves mineral in tooth enamel and causes carie formation and erosion. Caries are from frequent intake of sugars and acids. Oral hygiene and preventative fluoride treatment - anticaries treatment |
| Gingivitis | Oral cavity - dental problems | Inflammation of the gums (gingiva) - local or systemic problem.tissue comes red, soft, swollen, bleeds easily - may be from accumulated plaque, bad oral hygiene, toothbrush trauma (excessive/improper brushing, creates grooving on tooth surface) IF NOT CONTROLLED - Periodontal disease: damage to periodontal ligament and bone, loss of teeth, aggravated from systemic disease and medications that reduce salivary secretions. Occurs when organisms enter the gingival blood vessels and travel to the done and tissue. Weakening of teeth attachments. Treatment: antimicrobials, local surgery of gingiva, improved dental hygiene - PREVENT more important |
| Leukoplakia | Oral cavity - dental problem AKA: Leukoplakia | white plaque or epidermal thinking of mucosa on buccal mucosa, palate, lower lip. Related to smoking or chronic irritation Lesions need monitoring - epithelial dysplasia beneath plaque can develop into squamous cell carcinoma |
| Kaposi sarcoma | Oral cavity - cancer of the oral cavity | common cancer - develops in person older then 40 years on the flor of the mouth, lateral borders of the tongue, lesions possible Normally in: smokers, pre-existing, leukoplakia, alcohol abuse. |
| Sialadenitis | Oral cavity. Salivary gland disorder | Inflation of salivary glands (3) - normally parotid gland (checks) can be infusions or noninfectious |
| Mumps | Oral cavity - salivary gland disorder | Infectious parotitis - viral infectious, there is a vaccine but you can get it again later on in life. |
| Achalasia | Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing | Dysphagia cause effecting neurological deficit - Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax because of lack of interventions |
| Esophageal atresia | Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing | Dysphagia cause effecting mechanical obstruction out pouching of the esophageal wall, causing food to get caught. congenital or acquired following inflammation, irritation, scar tissue Signs include dysphagia, foul breath, chronic cough, hoarseness Tumours may be internal or external |
| Barrett’s esophagus | \n | \n |
| Hiatal hernia | Stomach hernia (tube above) | Part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity - sliding hernia, more common in potions of the stomach and gastroesopheageal junction slide up above the diagrapham |
| GERD | Gastritis | Periodic reflex of gastric contents into distal esophagus - irritation and inflammation -seen with hiatal hernia. Severity depends on lower esophageal sphincter, delayed gastric emptying can be a factor. Avoid: caffeine fatty/spicy foods, alcohol, smoking, some drugsMedication can reduce reflux and inflammation |
| Gastritis | Gastritis | Acute gastritis: gastric mucosa is inflamed, can be ulcered or bleedingResulted from: infectious microorganisms, allergies to food, spicy food, lots of alcohol, aspirin/NSAID/corrosive/toxic substances or radiation/chemotherapySigns: gastrointestinal irritation such as anorexia, nausea, hematemesis from bleeding, epigastric pain/cramps.usually self limiting - complete regeneration of gastric mucosa, supportive treatment with prolonged vomiting, may require antimicrobial drugs Chronic gastritis; atrophy of stomach mucosa, loss of secretory glands, reduced protection of intrinsic factor. Increased risk for Peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. Helicobacter pylori infection is often present Signs: mild gastric discomfort, anorexia, intolerant for food. |
| Gastroenteritis | Stomach and intestine | Inflammation normally from an infection or allergic reaction to foods or drugs. can be transmitted by fecal contaminated foods, soil and water. Self limiting, can cause epidemic outbreak in low communities, Sade sanitation is essential for prevention. |
| Peptic ulcer | proximal duodenum and antrum of the stomach | Most caused by H. Pylori infections Beginnings with breakdown of mucosal barrier. decreased mucosal defence, common in gastric ulcer development, increase acid section in duodenal ulcers Damage to the mucosal barrier is associated with inadequate blood supply; vasoconstriction = stress, smoking, shock, circulatory impairment, anemia, scar tissue) Increased acid person section, several stimulation, sensitivity to vagal stimuli, increased # of acid pepsin in stomach = rapid gastric emptying Complications: hemorrhage; erosion of blood vessels, common, may be the first sign of peptic ulcer. Perforation; ulcer erodes completely threw the wall, chyme can enter peritoneal cavity, causes chemical peritonitis and obstruction; later due to formation of scar tissue. Signs: epigastric burning/localized pain after emptying of stomach. Found with endocopy, x-ray, biopsy. Treatment: antimicrobial and proton pump inhibitor to eliminate H. Pylori. |
| Dumping syndrome | Stomach and small intestine | Gastric emptying control is lost and “dumped” into duodenum without complete digestion follow gastric resection Hyperosmolar chyme draws fluid from vascular compartment into intestine: increased intestinal distention, motility and decreased BP Occurs after or during meals (craps, nausea, diarrhea) Hypoglycaemia 2-3 hours after meals (high BG in chyme increase insulin section which drop BG) Can be resolved in debaters change: smaller meals, higher pertain, slow in simple carbs = resolves overtime |
| Gallstones | Liver | From in bile ducts, gallbladder or cystic duct. Consist of cholesterol or bile pigment, mixed content with calcium salts Small: may be silent and extreted in bileLarge: abstract flow of bile, cause nerve pain, referred to sub scapular area. |
| Alcoholic liver disease/cirrhosis | Liver and pancreas | Interstitial stage - fatty liver: enlargement of the liver, asymptomatic and reversible with reduced alcohol intake.Second stage - alcohol hepatitis: inflammation and cell necrosis, fibrous tissue formation - IRREVERSIBLE Third stage - end stage cirrhosis: fibrotic issue replaces normal tissue, little normal function remains - decreased removal of bilirubin, production of bile, issues blood clotting, glucose issues, |
| Pancreatitis | pancreas | Inflation of the pancreas - auto digestion of the tissueAcute: considered a medical emergency, pancreas lacks a fibrous capsule, destruction may progress into tissue surrounding and substances realized by necrotic tissue lead to widespread inflammation (hypovolemia and circulatory collapse may follow)chemical peritonitis = bacterial peritonitis (septics) adult respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal failure are possible. Causes: gallstones, achoo, large meal or alcohol intake Signs: severe stomach pain radiating to back, signs of shock (hypovolemia) Low grad fever until infection develops (body temp then increase greatly), abdomen distention and decreased bowel sounds Diagnostic: serum amylase levels (rise then fall after 48 hr), serum lipase levels increase, hypocalemia, leukocytosis Treatment: oral intake is stopped, treat shock and electrolytes, analgesic for pain |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | Bowels - lower intestinal tract | Constpiation & diarrhea, abnormal gastro mobility and section, visceral hypersensitivity, post infectious IBS, over growth of flora, food allergy or intolerance and psychosocial factors.lower abdominal pain and bloating. Bases off SS, food allergies, bacterial or parasitic infection, no single cure IBS |
| Intussusception | \n | \n |
| Intestinal volvulus | \n | \n |
| Hirschsprung’s dz | \n | \n |
| Peritonitis | Inflation of the peritoneal membranes | Chemical peritonitis may result from enzymes with pancreatitis, unine leaking form a rupture bladder, chyme spilled from perforated ulcer, bile escaping from ruptured gallbladder, blood and other foreign material in the cavity Bacterial peritonitis is caused by: direct trauma affecting the intestine, ruptured appendix, intestinal obstruction, any surgery if foreign material is left and infection developed and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. Signs: abdominal pain, tenderness at site, vomiting, dehydration low BP, tachycardia, feverTreatment: depends on primary cause, surgery may be needed, massive antimicrobial drugs (specific to causative organism) |