chapter 10

You have 4-6 qts of blood. Blood is made of: plasma, platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells. Plasma- clear pale yellow fluid. Its job is to carry waste products to the kidneys where it can be shed in the urine. Contains proteins. Albumin- a protein that draws water from the tissues into the capillaries important for reducing swelling.

Globulin- proteins fighting infections.

Fibrinogen- protein activated by the coagulation cascade. (Think fibers that hold blood clots together)

Hemophilia- condition in which the fibrinogen rod not turn into fibrin so blood clots won’t have fibers to hold it and it will keep the wound bleeding.

platelets- cell fragments that hep form blood clots.

Come from cells in bone marrow. When activated they turn into star shapes✨⭐️

They gather in clumps and shed out chemical call for helps to form the plug that stops the bleeding.

Fewer platelets than normal result in abnormal bruising and bleeding.

Complexity of blood clotting

Thrombus- a blood clot that spontaneously forms.

Deep vein thrombus is a disease of spontaneous blood clots forming usually lower leg.

Dangerous because blood clots will break away.

Embolism- traveling blood clot.

Pulmonary embolism- lodging is of these blood clots in the blood vessels in the lungs.

Can be life threatening.

White blood cells

Are important for immunity.

They attack any foreign body that dares to enter the bloodstream.

Red blood cells

Responsible for moving oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide.

No nucleus.

Most are produced in red bone marrow.

Contain hemoglobin- a red protein that binds to oxygen and must have iron atoms mounted inside it to function.

When hemoglobin has picked up a fresh supply of oxygen from the alveoli it is called oxygenated blood and bright red.

red blood cell problems

Anemia- less blood cells than normal. Paleness and fatigue.

Caused by deficiency of iron and b complex or hemorrhaging.

Sickle cell anemia- crescent shaped red blood cells among regular. Inherited disease. Clog blood vessels and useless for transporting oxygen. Symptoms of anemia- pain when circulation stops in an area. Incurable but pain meds help.

What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

Carbon oxide binds more strongly to hemoglobin than 02 robbing body of oxygen. Has no smell or color so you don’t know it happens until later. It can happen in cars and gas stoves.

Recycling the RBC (red blood cells)

When rbc life is spent it is removed form circulation by The spleen to be recycled.

Iron is stored to make new rbc.

Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin.

Heme is turned into billirubin.

Globin becomes new amino acids.

NOTE: too much billirubin can give a person jaundice. Give a yellow tint to the whites of three yes and to the skin.

Blood vessels

Arteries- walls made of thick smooth muscle. Under high pressure and carry oxygenated blood.

Capillaries- walls are one cell thick. Porus and networks work together.

Veins- smaller veins merge into larger veins. Somewhat elastic. Smooth muscle veins fill and return blood to heart. Most contain deoxygenated blood.

Memory aide

Arteries carry blood AWAY from heart

Veins carry blood toward heart

oxygenated blood are red blood vessels

Deoxygenated blood are blue blood vessels

Aortic arch

Branches out to supply upper body and head and trough the carotid artery the arms through brachial arteries,

The arch descends to supply the lower body through renal artery and femoral artery. Fatal cut.

Arteries contain blood under pressure.

Heart is shaped like an upside down pyramid. The top is the vase and bottom is apex.

Right atrium- contains the pacemaker cells.

Left atrium- receives blood from pulmonary vein.

Superior veins cava- returns blood to heart from II structures in the body above the heart.

Aorta- takes oxygenated blood out of the heart to the body.

Left pulmonary artery- contains deoxygenated blood sent to lungs.

Pulmonary vein- newly oxygenated blood returns to heart

Left atrioventricular valve- keeps blood from back flowing into left atrium.

aortic valve- keeps blood form back flowing into the left ventricle

Left ventricle- pump

Blood pressure

Heartbeat sounds are made by the valves in the heart snapping shut.

When the ventricles contract a pressurized wave of blood is sent into the arteries.

Heart problems

Heart attack- myocardial infarction.

If the flow of blood through the coronary artery is suddenly cut it the area of heart muscles supplied by that artery dies unless the blood flow is reestablished quickly.

Blood can be cut off by plaque clogging the arteries.

Heart block- term used when a pacemaker signal isn’t getting to the rest of the heart.

Heart failure- the condition of inadequate heart pumping.

Fibrillation- heart quivers rather than beats. In the atria it’s uncomfortable but in the ventricles it is life threatening.

Cardiac arrest- heart stops beating.

A defibrillator machine can coordinate the cardiac muscle cells to the beat of the rhythm.