Science and Information Technology Notes

Scientific Learning

  • Scientific learning begins with curiosity developed from observing objects or events.
  • It involves deep thinking, searching for reasons, and finding solutions.

Steps Involved in Scientific Learning:

  1. Study objects or events.
  2. Ask related questions.
  3. Guess probable answers.
  4. Test using suitable methods.
  5. Record data.
  6. Analyze data to conclude.
  7. Prepare a report.

Practical Work of Science

  • Practical work tests principles or facts inside or outside a laboratory.

Forms of Practical Works:

  • Observing
  • Testing
  • Serving
  • Report writing
  • Project work
  • Model construction

Report Writing

  • Report writing submits details of practical work.
  • It shares scientific study and research findings.
  • It compares experiment results with objectives.
  • It records conclusions and challenges.
Major Components of a Report:
  1. Title: Indicates the type of practical work.
  2. Objective: Clearly states the goal.
  3. Required Materials: Lists materials for others to replicate the experiment.
  4. Figure: A labeled diagram of the practical work.
  5. Procedure: Sequential activities in past perfect tense.
  6. Observation: Examines alignment with objectives; data noted in tables or graphs.
  7. Analysis: Analyzes facts or data, including calculations.
  8. Result: Indicates if the objective was fulfilled.
  9. Conclusion: States conclusion based on results.
  10. Precaution: Safety measures to prevent accidents.

Sample Reports are Provided:

  • Observation of volume of air
  • Properties of air
  • Distillation process

Additional Information:

  • Project work involves visiting cultural heritage sites to prepare cleanliness reports.
  • Model construction involves creating collage models of scientific activities, principles, or facts using locally available materials.
  • Examples include models of atoms, food chains, clouds, and ecosystems.

Information and Communication Technology

  • ICT tools have brought significant change in human lives enabling simple communication.
  • ICT is widely used in teaching, hence learning process is now more effective.

Tools of Information and Communication Technology:

  • Radio, telephone, newspaper, computer, projector are tools of information technology.
  • These tools perform various functions like creating, displaying, storing, transmitting, exchanging of information and so on.
One-Way Communication:
  • Radio, television, and newspapers.
Two-Way Communication:

  • Telephone, mobile, and computer.

  • Facts collected about any substance or thing is information.

  • Communication is the exchange of information between two or more individuals.

  • Technology is the scientific working system followed to invent objects.

Information and Communication Tools Chart:

  • Radio

  • Computer

  • Television

  • Scanner

  • Newspaper

  • Electronic book reader

  • Book

  • Smartphone

  • Digital camera

  • Telephone

  • The internet enables global information exchange.

Browsers:

  • Applications to run internet such as Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari which may vary with different operating system like Linux, MAC, Android, iOS.

Website

  • Website is a collection of data with a unique web address or URL such as www.cehrd.gov.np

Search Engine

  • Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo can be set as default in browsers.

E-book

  • E-books are digital books in PDF format and can be downloaded. You can visit www.moecdc.gov.np to find e-book of grade seven science and technology.