Biology Study Guide

Metabolism

• All chemical reactions that occur in 

• All cells found inside the mitochondria.

• It builds body tissue 

• Utilizes energy

• A campfire that is always burning, but only a little

Photosynthesis

• Processes of turning sunlight energy into sugars

• Found in chloroplasts

• Makes sugars from CO₂ and H₂O in plant cells-C,H,O

• Solar Panel

• Made 3.5 Billion Years Ago from prokaryotic cells

Monomer

• Small molecules

• Can be anywhere anywhere in the cell

• Makes things, provides structure

• In All cells

• One lego brick in a set

• Muscle protein is an example of something made of monomers

Polymer

• Large molecules, composed of monomers

• Can be anywhere anywhere in the cell

• Makes things, provides structure

• In All cells

• A set of lego bricks 

• Can be synthetic 

Light Dependent Reaction

• 1st stage, split H20 to make O2

• Chlorophyll, in the chloroplasts, anthocyanins and carotenoids 

• Energy, makes it

• Plants, some prokaryotes

• Solar Panel during day

• Output is O2 gas for us

Light Independent Reactions

• 2nd stage, makes the sugar

• In chloroplasts 

• Makes sugars which are chemical reactions, uses enzymes

• Plants cells and some prokaryotes

• Solar panel during the day

• Also called the Calvin Cycle

Enzyme

• Molecules that speed up chemical reactions

• In the cytoplasm, lysosome

• Made of proteins

• All, prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Coach, enhance athlete performance

• They are resilient

ATP

• Adenosine Triphosphate –>PO^3-₄ 

• In Mitochondria

• 1 Adenosine 3 Phosphates 

• All, prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Full charged, rechargeable battery

• To release energy, break bond PO₄

ADP

• Adenosine diphosphate PO₄³

• Mitochondria

• 1 Adenosine 2 Phosphates 

• All, prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• The empty phase of a rechargeable battery

• PO^3-₄ is in between both ADP and ATP

Anaerobic

• Process that occur in the absence of oxygen 

• anabolism= building complex molecules 

• catabolism=opposite of anabolism

Active Site

• Location where substrates bind on an enzyme

• Surface of an enzyme

• Specific shape, space

• In all cells

• Keyhole for the the cell

• Lots of types

Induced fit

• The process of enzymes changing shape after substrate binds to active sites

• To enzymes all around

• Changing

• All cells

• Turning the key in the lock and once the key is turning, no other keys can be inserted

Glycolysis

• Breaking down glucose into 3 carbon pyruvate 

• In that process we make energy from breaking bonds

• Creates 2 molecules of ATP:2 molecules of NADH(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) 

• Primitive, simple, evolved early

• Anaerobic-does not need oxygen

• Sugars not fully broken down

• Common in aquatic, marshes-Low Oxygen

Krebs Cycle

• Pyruvate taken apart

• Bonds broken, energy released

• CO2

• ATP, NaOH, FADH2, all energy carriers

Oxidative Phosphorylation 

• H from NADH

  • FADH

• The H form the two muscles above give to the O2 through an electron transport chain. 

• 30 ATP

• Aerobic

• Sulfur molecules

Fermentation

• After glycolysis 

• Absence of Carbon Dioxide

• Output-energy-CO2-Lactate-Ethanol

Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis

• Klebs

• Oxidative Phosphorylation 

• All of these allow life to convert energy from sun into life on earth

• Used

• Stored