Colonial America
Colonial America
(83 total terms)
reasons for European colonization To gain wealth and power instill and practice religion nationalism
Wanted to escape poverty, disease, and warfare from their homeland Hope for new opportunities
Treaty of Tordesillas
Between Spain and Portugal
Drew an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean
Settled disputes over "New land" found by Christopher Columbus Land on the east was Portugal's territory
Land on the west was Spain's territory
Spanish Armada
Spanish armada was a naval ship Also known as "Invisible Armada"
Sent by King Philip II of Spain to England
The goal was to dethrone Queen Elizabeth and bring back Roman Catholicism The ship was defeated by the English
A significant piece in the Anglo-Spanish War
Christopher Columbus
An explorer
Located the "New Worlds"
Thought he discovered another route to Asia Made 4 voyages under Spain
Spanish Conquistadores
"Conquistadores" another name for leaders apart of Spain's clamor of America Most were Spanish men but very few were European men who joined them
Held military advantages because of their weapons (armor and shield; made of steel) They found gold and jewelry
Wanted to take over the New Land
motives behind English colonization God
religion Gold
glory/leadership
Escape from poverty, disease, and opportunity
royal colony vs. proprietary colony
pennsylvania, maryland, and delaware were apart of the proprietary colony proprietary colony were land grants
new hampshire, new jersey, new york, north carolina, south carolina, georgia were all apart of the royal colony
royal colony was governed by officials appointed by the king
proprietary colony was always owned by a regular person ( usually the white man)
French colonization vs British french had direct rules
the british had indirect rules The british could own land
For the french only nobes could own land
Their attitude towards the native Americans was different (the french were more friendly and would even marry some)
joint-stock company
Company who sold stocks to investors
Used this to bring in resources (capital & money) Shared and distributed profits if they worked out
Richard Hakluyt
An english geographer and writer Known for his political role and writing
Mostly known for promoting Jamestown through and colonization in North America through his work
Virginia - the founding of
England's first royal colony Found by john smith
England's first permanent settlement
Main reason for establishing this colony, economics
Virginia - the role of tobacco
Tobacco formed the basis of the economy within the colony Used to purchase slaves (tobacco for slaves)
Used to pay taxes
Used to by goods from England
John Smith
English soldier,explorer, and colonial governor Early leader of Jamestown Colony
Secured corn from the Indians by trade and held military training "Who will not work, shall not eat"
Explored the rivers of virginia and Chesapeake Bay Involved with Pocahontas
John Rolfe
Early settler in North America
The first person to introduce tobacco to virginia as a commercial crop Married Pocahontas
Became a counselor, sitting at the house of burgesses
House of Burgesses
First english representative government
Passed laws and maintained order in Jamestown First met on July 30, 1619
22 Burgesses representing 11 settlement Burgesses were elected as representatives Only white men who owned a certain amount of land could vote for Burgesses
indentured servants
Contract between two people
One person worked for another so they could repay a loan They could be inherited, sold, or loaned
Frequently over worked
"headright" system
Land grant program
Used to fix or look at the shortage in labor Attracted new settlers
Virginia and Maryland operated under it
For each laborer brought a person would get 50-100 acres of land depending
Puritans/Puritanism
Members of a religious reform movement Massechucets
John Winthrop was a Puritan leader
Fany clothing, living with Indians, missing sunday service was all banned
Did Not agree with the practices of the Church of England and wanted to reform it
Pilgrims/Separatists
All of the Mayflower passengers Original settlers of plymouth colony English settlers
Part of a religious group called separatists Came to the colonies for religious freedom
Mayflower Compact
Set of rules of self government
Made by the English settlers who came to the New World on the Mayflower 41 of ships passengers signed it (all of them were male)
Most important thing states, laws were to be made by the people Bonded pilgrims together
William Bradford
Governor of plymouth colony for 30 years
Started his journey to the New World on the Speedwell but then went on the Mayflower Married Alice Southworth
Wrote about his voyage in his journal
Worked to manage relations with the Native Americans, Dutch settlers, and Puritans
Sir Walter Raleigh
Explorer of Elizabeth l's reign
He was the Queen (of Englands) favorite because of his looks and courage so he was rewarded by her
A scholar and poet
he introduced addictive tobacco and potatoes
He was accused of treason and put in jail and then put to jail
Established a colony near Roanoke Island which was named Virginia by him
Made a book called "The Discoveries of Guiana" and documented his expeditions Even though the Queen liked him he was not liked by most people
John Winthrop/city upon a hill Puritan leader
Famously said "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us." First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony
Elected govenever 12 times Settled and expanded Boston
"A Little Speech on Liberty" talking about the difference between the two, civil and natural freedom
Had conflicts with Anne Hutchison who was later expelled from the colony
Roger Williams
Banished from Massachusetts Bay Political and religious leader Found the state of Rhode Island
Religious liberty and separation of church
Anne Hutchinson/antinomianism A puritan
Spiritual leader in Massachusetts colony Challenged men and their authority Was brought to trial
-breaking the 5th amendment
-held meetings at her home (inappropriate)
-talked badly about ministers
-refused to follow the religious worship and was banished because of it
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Colonial agreement between the communities Stated the power and limits the government had
Required towns to elect 4 men who would make up and legislative branch Gave the colony the power to tax people
Established representative government
Thomas Hooker
English colonial leader Supporter of christian suffrage
Found a new colony (modern day Connecticut)
Argued the men of Connecticut had the right to choose their own government
New England Confederation Military alliance between
Plymouth, connecticut, new haven, massachusetts bay
Joint military against attacks by Native Americans/french/dutch
significance of early colonization
Direct causes for culture of indigienous people
Colonies never intended to become states/their own country People wanted better lives
Escape poverty, warfare, famine, disease
Maryland Act of Toleration, 1648 Act Concerning Religion
Religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians
Allowed freedom to worship for trinitatian christians (in maryland) If denied jesus- sentenced to death
New England Colonies - characteristics, etc.
Flat along rocky coastline--good harbors Dense forests
Farming was bad because of the rocky soil Shipbuilding/whaling/fishing
Middle Colonies - characteristics, etc.
New York, Delaware, New JErsey, Pennsylvania Deep soil--good for farming
Mild winters/warm summers rivers/wide valleys
Major exporter of wheat shipbuilding
Southern Colonies - characteristics, etc.
Warm climate-hot summers/mild winters Mountains
Good soil for farming and growing Could farm farthest into the year Coastal cities tobacco/cotton/corn/vegetables/grain
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina Grand model
Form of government/society for carolina colony 1669-1698
slaves/women no say in government Freemen had a say in government
John Locke/Anthony Ashley Cooper
Had rules that were too hard to put in place/implement by settlers Rules amended five times
founding of Pennsylvania/William Penn Founder of pennsylvania
Came to america after he was persecuted for his religion Made pennsylvania a place where people could worship freely Refuge for quakers/religious minorities
Expelled from oxford
founding of Georgia/James Oglethorpe Military leader
Intended to be Refuge for london's indebted prisoners
Protect south carolina/southern colonies form spanish invasion-through florida James led first group of 114 colonists to Savannah
religious freedom---led to foundation of jewish community in savannah
Mercantilism
British colonies were monkey makers for mother country
Limits on what goods certain colonies could produce/which ships they could use/and who they traded with
Brought slavery/unbalanced system of trade
Colonies could give raw goods to britain --- sold in european markets--back to colonies Could not compete with britain in manufacturing
Acts of Trade and Navigation Acts of parliament Self sufficiency
restricted colonial trade to england
Decreased dependence on foreign imported goods
Prevented the colonies from shipping any goods anywhere without first stopping in english port Give work to english dockworkers/longshoreman
Regulate and tax
enumerated articles
Colonial products that could be sold for cash Molasses, furs, naval stores, rice, cotton, indigo Grain, livestock, fish
English colonies could export only to england
Molasses Act, 1733
Imposed a tax on molasses/sugar/rum (from non-british foreign colonies)
Amended by the sugar act -- became an irritant contributing to the american revolution Make more money for great britain / controlling trade among colonies
Woolens, Hat and Iron Acts
Wool act- stopped shipment of woolen fabrics across colonial boundaries
Hat act- stopped colonies from exporting hats and limited number of apprentices Iron act- stopped shipment of certain metals to foriegn countries
Triangular Trade
Europeans traded manufactured foods for captured africans
Slaves shipped acorss the atlantic ocean to become slaves in america Europeans were supplied with raw materials
arms/textiles/wine europe to africa Slaves from africa to america
suar /coffee from americas to europe
Quakers
Against religious ceremonies Spiritual equality
Didn't have official priest/clergy
Pacifism- a key role in abolitionist +women's rights movement Many lived in Rhode island- freedom of religion
Bacon's Rebellion
Sir William Berkeley (absolutism) combined with economic depression and attacks by Indians caused the colonists to go into this rebellion
the uprising of western farmers against the government of Virginia
Followers of bacon wanted to gain government recognition for the shared interest between all social classes
Dominion of New England/ Edmund Andros
Colonists in Massachusetts refused to obey the navigation acts so Massachusetts lost New Hampshire and Massachusetts its charter, then two years later the new england colonies were brought together in this "dominion of new england".
Edmundo andros (a royal governor) was the new leader of this "dominion of new england" and since the people had no say in what he chose or did he, enforced the navigation act, imposed taxes, and secured religious liberty for anglicans
He created a lot of controversies/opposition Leisler's Rebellion
New york revolution against andros Was led by Jacob Leisler
Revolution ended with new york as a royal colony New jersey was almost a royal colony
Admiralty Courts
Heard cases involving Navigation acts Judicial functions were formed by them
After 1696 these courts were handled without juries
salutary neglect
This allowed the legislature of the colonies to expand their activities
Trade regulations for colonies were relaxed and supervision of problems in between colonies were loose
Unofficial british policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations on american colonies Goal was to maximize economic output among colonists while still being in control
powers of colonial assemblies Make local laws
Goal was to be consistent with england laws
Didn't always stay in tune with england as sometimes people wanted more power so they tried to limit the power of the crown by making laws or getting rid of laws already put in place by england
The right to vote on taxes/expenditures (control of budget) Right to initiate legislation
French and Indian War - causes
Began because of the argument of whether the upper ohio river valley belonged to the british empire or the french empire
If it did belong to the british then it would be open for trade/settlement Control of the fur trade/beaver trade
Balance of power in europe Control of the grand banks Difference in religion
French and Indian War - consequences
France was expelled from the new world-- lost all new world land possessions (including ALL of Canada}
Britain increased the nation's debt but gained territory
Led to the american revolution as britain put on more frontier policies as well as taxing the colonies for the war's debt---created anger and discontent with britain
Albany Plan of Union
Drafted by benjamin franklin
Proposed that defense problems be handled by a royally appointed president general and a federal congress delegates chosen by the colonies
Was accepted by congress
Rejected by individual colonies---too principle to cooperate
Treaty of Paris, 1763
Britain received Canada from France and floridas from spain.
Guadeloupe+ other french and spanish west indian island were returned to former owners Ended the seven year's war/french indian war
France lost all new world territories (in north america)
Glorious Revolution - effects on colonies
Led to the colonies feeling more independent from britain
Colonies gained more rights+ more independent Freed from strict laws and anti-puritan rule
colonial governments
Colonial legislature was picked by males who had property
Governors of the colonies were appointed by the king+ had almost complete authority Legislature--controlled salary of governor
The legislature used this power to keep the governor ,who had britain at best interest, doing what would be better for the colones/what the colonies wanted more
colonial population
250,000 people living in colonial america in 1700
/\/\most were of english ancestry--some dutch,germans,swedes and french huguenots
/\/\/\/\gave middle colonies a cosmopolitan atmosphere
Lower middle class made up a majority of the english settlers--higher portion of the lower classes in tobacco colonies
colonial social structure
Aristocracy-- small group of governors,judges, clergymen, wealthy merchants
--with english backgrounds
-- held themselves above lower classes
The native aristocracy-- southern planters, northern merchants, wealthy landholders of middle colonies
--known as "gentlemen", they dressed in knee breeches and frock coats
--controlled colonial legislatures and dominated economic affairs The lower classes-- made up of farmers and artisans
--dressed in clothes made from home
--seated in special sections of churches
--had very fre political privileges
quitrents
Land (that belonged to the proprietor/king) was granted out to individuals but in return for small QUITRENTS
Allowed anyone paying the passage of an indentured servant to receive fifty acres of land Head rights became the common means of land sales --17th century
Small annual fees paid by a landowner in north carolina to the proprietor
Closest related to a tithe (not a tax)--- once paid the person who paid it did not have/owe any further obligations to the proprietor
farming in colonial America Middle colonies--
Climate was less severe than in new england---> farms were larger, farmers lived on their own land
Wheat was the principal crop---NY and PA were known as the "bread colonies" Southern colonies--
small farms were common, few over 500 acres
Slave labor allowed a few individuals to expand their farms into plantations of 1000 acrs or more
Staples of colonial agriculture- tobacco (maryland, virginia, north carolina), rice/indigo (south carolina, georgia)
John Calvin/predestination
Puritans based their teachings off of john calvin
John calvin-helf that christ's sacrifice had moved God to select a certain of "elect" for salvation and other were predestined to damnation
Predestination led puritans into intensive soal searching in efforts to discover if they were one of the ones who had been selected to be apart of the elect
All puritan colonies passed- "blue laws" which required church attendance, protecting the holiness of the sabbath, and individual behaviors
"half-way" covenant
This was a religious political solution that puritans adopted
Opened church membership and political privileges to those who are unable to give proof of a spiritual experience
Denied the right to participate in the lord's supper+ vote in church elections Women began to make up a larger portion of puritan congregations
It addressed the number of baptized people that was getting smaller and smaller
Salem Witchcraft trials
Young girls claimed that several old women had bewitched them
19 people were hung+ one was pressed to death because she refused to "admit" to it Started when they heard a voodoo lore of a west indian slave
Scotch-Irish
Name of immigrants who were pushed out of ireland due to religious reasons Came to america for the promised land and promised freedom of religion These people were skilled and educated
Came through philadelphia and delaware Many settled in Pennsylvania
origins of slavery
Native americans first enslaved
- then began to die due to diseases
European rulers /powers began to purchase africans Africans became the main source of labor
First slave ships were to british west indies to work on tobacco plantations
1619 african slaves were brought to virginia--beginningof human trafficking between africa and north america due to social norms of europe
It grew quickly in the south because of the larger plantations
New england did not need the slave labor as much due to the lack of plantations
Triangular Trade/Middle Passage
TT- mand continents, more money, millions of african slaves
Mp- slaves from west africa to west indies, may take three weeks Middle passage was a part of the triangular trade
MP- took goods form europe to africa, africans to be slaves in america/wst indies, raw materials
women in colonial America
Managed the house - baked sewed, taught children, made soap/candles
Good wives were able to have legal rights-- had more rights than women in the 19th century had Marriage was the norm
Everything they could move they could own { cash/stocks+bonds, livestock, sometimes slaves) If they were unmarried they could sue or be sued, write wills, be an executor of estates Unwedded women
Stono Rebellion
By Stono river
Large Slave uprising- septemeber 9, 1739
Slaves gathered, raided a firearms shop, headed south, killed more than 20 white people on their way
Most important slave rebellion in britisj north american colonies Showed the tensions that continued in slave states
Slaves opressed through a horrible system and rebelled, sometimes violently and sometimes peacefully
colonial literature (Mather, Byrd, Bradstreet, Bradford, Wigglesworth) Important sermon literature- cotton mather
William bradfords's history of plymouth plantation John winthrop's history of new england
Edward johnson- wonder working providence of zions savior Puritanism inspired poets in different ways--
- wigglesworth {the day of doom) issued a warning of sinners at the last judgment
- bradstone found evidence of god in nature
- taylor wrote eulogies to god
Wiliiam byrd- history of the dividing line betwixt virginia and north carolina
colonial education/colleges
massachusetts created a law that required parents or masters to teach their children/charges to read
Law forced towns -- 50 or more families had to have a primary school;
- 100 or more had to have a secondary school Middle colonies church schools provided education
South field schools/private tutors cared for rich children Secondary schools did not exist outside of new england Academies did not become prominent until after revolution
Harvard
First college in colonies In massachusetts
Then came yale
Enlightenment - theories, impact on colonies
Encouraged colonists to think in ways that led them against monarchy
Moved towards the idea that government should be democratic+ protect rights of people
Led to american revolution
Benjamin Franklin
statesman/author.publisher/scientist/inventor/diplomat Served in the second continental congress
Helped draft declaration of independence+ U.S constitution Negotiated the 1783 treaty of paris (ended the revolutionary war)
the Zenger case
Accused of libel
Libel--when one published information that was against the government Truthful information cannot be libelous
Alexander hamilton later used this
town meetings
Held in colonial meeting houses--built at taxpayer expense
Developed to preserve local autonomy+ self government that involved issues such as religious freedom/tax laws
Gave colonists a small say in how colonies were governed
primogeniture
Land was passed down from father to eldest son Kept land in few individuals
Was not in line with revolutionary thinking
Rosseau, Locke, Smith - views of
Englishmen refined the nature of government Govt--protect the natural rights off the people
-"""locke believed were life, liberty, prosperity
Great Awakening - origins, impact on colonies Changed religious ways of thinking
People were now encouraged to have a one on one connection with God instead of going through a minister/pastor
Methodists+ baptists grew quickly
Colonists changed their views about government/role of government/society Helped motivate colonists to revolt against england
New & Old Lights
preachers/followers who believed the new ideas brought by the great awakening were the new lights
Those whose still followed the traditional ideas about church were the old lights
Johnathan Edwards
Minister
Delivered famous sermon
"Sinners in the hands of an angry god" Shaped the first great awakening
New england theology
George Whitefield
Minister from britain
Went to the different colonies to preach his message His success convinced colonists to rejoin churches Ignited great awakening
Believed that every religious person needed to experience rebirth through jesus--did not care what type of christian you were or social class or how you classified yourself
John Singleton Copley
American painter
Painted historical portraits/subjects "Finest" artist of colonial america
Iroquois Confederacy
alliance/ group of native americans cayuga/mohawk/oneida/onondaga/seneca Iroquois lived in the new york area
Organization and political skills that threatened new england/native american military Played major role in fighting between french and british for supremacy in north america Political system was eventually incorporated into the constitution
social mobility in colonies
The ability for someone to move up/down from one social class to another Ben franklin is example of social mobility