5.10

The Emancipation Proclamation (Preliminary and Final): * Preliminary Issuance: September 22, 1862. * Final Proclamation: January 1, 1863. * Key Provision: All persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State where the people are in rebellion against the United States "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." * Enforcement: The Executive Government of the United States, including military and naval authorities, was tasked with recognizing and maintaining the freedom of such persons and doing no act to repress their efforts for actual freedom.
Lincoln’s Ambivalence and Limitations: * Lincoln remained ambivalent on the full scope of emancipation. * The Proclamation did not address slavery in certain areas (specifically border states and Union-occupied areas of the South).
Northern Reaction and the New York Draft Riots (July 1863): * Irish immigrants in New York City resented being drafted into a war they perceived as being fought to end slavery. * Fear existed that former slaves would move North and compete for jobs, leading to violent unrest.

Lincoln’s 10% Plan (December 1863): * Required Action: $10\%$ of voters from the 1860 election must take an Oath of Allegiance to the Union. * Legal Requirements: States must accept emancipation via the 13th Amendment. * Process: States must reorganize their governments and apply for readmission to the Union.
The Radical Response: Wade-Davis Bill (July 1864): * Military Rule: Confederate states were to be ruled by military governors. * Required Action: $50\%$ of the electorate must swear an oath of allegiance. * Legal Requirements: Repeal of the ordinance of secession and the total abolition of slavery.

Candidates: * Republican: Abraham Lincoln. * Democrat: George McClellan.
The Turning Point: General Sherman’s capture of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, turned the tide of the election in Lincoln’s favor.
Special Field Order No. 15 (January 16, 1865): * Issued by General Sherman. * Dictated that confiscated land be redistributed among freedmen in parcels of "40 acres and a mule." * This policy was later rescinded by President Andrew Johnson.
Hampton Roads Conference (February 2, 1865): * Meeting between Lincoln and Confederate officials. * Lincoln’s Offer: Southern states reenter the Union, a $5$ -year delay in implementing the 13th Amendment, and $\$400$ million in compensation to slave owners.

Lincoln’s Death: Assassinated April 14, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth; died April 15, 1865. His death left the readmission of Southern states uncertain.
The Freedmen’s Bureau (Established March 1865): * Purpose: Provide economic and legal resources to African Americans and all displaced Southerners. * Services: Distributed food, clothing, and medical supplies. * Greatest Success: Creating schools to educate Black people. * Greatest Failure: Not successfully settling former slaves on confiscated Confederate land. * Opposition: Resented by Southern Whites and President Andrew Johnson.
Freedpeople’s Priorities: * Reuniting Families: Parents placed newspaper advertisements to find lost children torn away by slavery. * Legalizing Marriages: Couples sought the Freedmen’s Bureau to formalize their unions.

The 13th Amendment (Abolition of Slavery): * Passed: January 31, 1865. * Ratified: December 6, 1865. * Section 1: Prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. * Section 2: Grants Congress the power to enforce this article.
The 14th Amendment (Citizenship and Equal Protection): * Submitted: July 9, 1868. * Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens of the US and the state of residence. Includes the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause. * Section 3: Disqualifies former federal/state officials who engaged in insurrection from holding office unless a $\frac{2}{3}$ vote by Congress removes the disability.
The 15th Amendment (Voting Rights): * Passed: 1869; Ratified: 1870. * Section 1: Voting rights cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. * Loopholes: States devised other methods (not strictly based on race) to bar Black men from voting.

Johnson’s Background: Born in poverty in Tennessee; former slaveholder with no sympathy for the Southern planter aristocracy, yet did not believe the federal government should protect freedpeople.
Johnson’s Plan: * Provisional governors to convene state conventions. * States must ratify the 13th Amendment, abolish slavery, and revoke ordinances of secession. * Amnesty: Loyalty oaths granted pardon to most; however, those with $\$20,000$ or more in taxable property had to petition the President personally for a pardon.
Southern Defiance: By December 1865, all Southern states complied, but many elected former Confederate leaders (like CSA Vice President Alexander Stephens) to Congress.
Black Codes: State-level laws designed to mimic slavery. * Restrictions: No bearing arms, limited assembly, curfews, no jury service, and prohibition of interracial marriage (until Loving v. Virginia in 1967). * Economic Control: Prohibited leaving plantations without proof of financial solvency.

Conflict with Johnson: Johnson vetoed the extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Congress overrode both vetoes.
Military Reconstruction Acts (1867): * Divided the South into $5$ military districts. * Required new state constitutions guaranteeing Black suffrage and ratification of the 14th Amendment.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: * Tenure of Office Act: Passed to protect Radical-aligned cabinet members. * The Trigger: Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without Senate approval. * The Trial: The Senate vote was $35-19$ for conviction, falling one vote short of the $\frac{2}{3}$ majority required to remove him.

Election of 1868: U.S. Grant (Republican) defeated Horace Seymour (Democrat) in a close election.
"Waving the Bloody Shirt": A successful Republican campaign tactic reminding voters of Confederate treason.
Election of 1872: Grant defeated Horace Greeley (Democrat/Liberal Republican).
Split in the Women’s Suffrage Movement: * Groups like the American Equal Rights Association split over the 15th Amendment. * Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony opposed the 15th Amendment because it did not include women’s suffrage. * They formed the National Woman Suffrage Association to oppose ratification on these grounds.