PSY1010 Final Exam
Chapter 14
Factors relevant to defining abnormal behavior
Statistical rarity
Personal distress
Maladaptive behavior
Violation of social norms
General description of the DSM-V
Diagnostic criteria
Classification of mental disorders
Statistics related to the prevalence of mental disorders among adults in the US
1 in 5 adults experience mental illness each year
Statistics related to the prevalence of mental disorders among adults in the US linked to disability
Leading cause of disability
Affecting work, school, daily activities
Statistics on gender differences in the frequency of mental disorders in the US
Women more likely to experience anxiety and mood disorders
Men more likely to experience substance use disorders
Perspectives to mental illness
Biological: genetics, brain structure/function
Psychological: trauma, stress
Sociocultural: cultural norms
Biopsychosocial: combination of factors
Multipath approach to mental illness
Considers multiple factors (biological, psychological, social)
Symptoms and causes of anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder: excessive worry
Panic disorder: sudden panic attacks
Specific phobias: intense fear of specific objects/situations
Social anxiety disorder: fear of social situations
Agoraphobia: fear of open spaces
OCD: repetitive thoughts/behaviors
Hoarding disorder: difficulty discarding items
PTSD: trauma-related symptoms
Gender differences in the incidence of anxiety disorders
Women more likely to experience anxiety disorders than men
Explanation of OCD and PTSD
OCD: unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions)
PTSD: re-experiencing trauma, avoidance, hyperarousal
Symptoms and causes of dissociative disorders
Depersonalization-derealization disorder: feeling detached from self/reality
Dissociative amnesia: memory loss
Dissociative fugue: sudden travel with amnesia
DID: multiple distinct identities
Controversial nature of DID diagnosis
Debates over its validity
Potential iatrogenic factors
Symptoms and causes of somatic disorders
Somatic symptom disorder: excessive focus on physical symptoms
Illness anxiety disorder: preoccupation with having a serious illness
Conversion disorder: neurological symptoms without medical cause
Factitious disorder: faking illness for attention
Symptoms of mood disorders
Major depressive disorder: persistent sadness/loss of interest
Persistent depressive disorder: chronic low mood
Bipolar I disorder: manic episodes
Bipolar II disorder: hypomanic and depressive episodes
Cyclothymic disorder: fluctuating mood disturbances
Explanation of OCD and Bipolar Disorder I and II
OCD: obsessions and compulsions
Bipolar Disorder I: manic episodes
Bipolar Disorder II: hypomanic and depressive episodes
Causes of mood disorders
Genetic, biological, environmental, psychological factors
Gender differences in the rates of mood disorders
Women more likely to experience mood disorders than men
Link between major depressive disorder and suicide
Increased risk of suicide
Myths related to suicide
Belief that people who talk about suicide won't do it
Suicide happens without warning
Statistics related to suicide
Approximately 48,000 people die by suicide each year in the US
Difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms: hallucinations, delusions
Negative symptoms: lack of motivation, social withdrawal
Potential causes of schizophrenia
Genetic factors, brain abnormalities, environmental stressors
Symptoms of Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C personality disorders
Cluster A: odd/eccentric (e.g., paranoid)
Cluster B: dramatic/erratic (e.g., antisocial)
Cluster C: anxious/fearful (e.g., avoidant)
Explanation of antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder: disregard for others' rights
Borderline personality disorder: instability in relationships and self-image
Symptoms and causes of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder
ADHD: inattention, hyperactivity
Autism Spectrum Disorder: social communication difficulties, restricted/repetitive behaviors
Chapter 16
Meaning of the term stressor
Any event or situation that causes stress
Different types of stressors
Daily hassles: minor irritations
Major disasters: natural disasters
Catastrophes: large-scale events
Conflicts: internal struggles
Why daily hassles are associated with more devastating long-term outcomes
Accumulation over time leading to significant stress-related health issues
Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale conceptualizes stress
Measures stress based on life events
Higher scores linked to increased health risks
Factors influencing the impact of a stressor
Control, predictability, positivity
How stress is related to PTSD
Contributes to development or exacerbation of PTSD symptoms
Types of conflicts and their stress levels
Approach-approach conflict: least stressful
Avoidance-avoidance conflict: most stressful
Approach-avoidance conflict: mixed feelings
How poverty is related to stress
Associated with chronic stress due to financial instability and limited resources
Concept of resilience linked to stress
Ability to adapt and recover from stress
Linked to positive coping strategies and support systems
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Includes alarm, resistance, exhaustion stages
Prolonged exposure can lead to death
SAM system and HPA axis linked to body’s stress response
SAM system activates fight-or-flight response
HPA axis regulates cortisol release during stress
How stress is related to immune system function
Chronic stress weakens immune system making individuals more susceptible to illnesses
How stress is related to heart disease
Risk factor due to impact on blood pressure and inflammation
Type A personality related to experience of stress and negative health outcomes
Traits like competitiveness linked to higher stress levels and negative health outcomes
Cognitive appraisals related to experience of stress
Primary appraisal assesses significance of a stressor
Secondary appraisal evaluates coping resources/options
Emotion-focused coping strategies applied to examples
Managing emotions (e.g., seeking support)
Problem-focused coping strategies applied to examples: addressing problem (e.g., creating a plan)
Different types of strategies used to deal with stressors and why they work
Relaxation techniques, exercise, time management, seeking social support
Reduce stress levels/improve coping abilities
Chapter 15
Biological perspective focuses on genetics/neurobiology
Psychological perspective emphasizes cognitive-behavioral factors
EVB integrates evidence-based practices for diagnosis/treatment
Types of services provided by different types of mental health professionals/training required
Psychiatrists (medical doctors)
Psychologists (PhD/PsyD)
Social workers (MSW)
Counselors (various degrees)
Training varies by profession
Differences between treatment provided to individuals vs groups
Individual therapy provides personalized treatment
Group therapy offers peer support but may lack individual focus
Advantages/disadvantages to therapy provided online
Online therapy offers accessibility but may lack personal connection
Effectiveness varies based on individual needs/preferences
Statistics pertaining to individuals with depression who seek treatment
Approximately 60% seek treatment
Barriers include stigma and lack of access to care
Behavioral therapies applied to examples
Systematic desensitization: gradual exposure to feared stimuli
Flooding: intense exposure
Aversion therapy: pairing unwanted behavior with unpleasant stimuli
Token economies: rewards for desired behaviors
Cognitive therapies applied to examples
Cognitive restructuring: challenging negative thoughts
Rational emotive behavioral therapy: addressing irrational beliefs
Cognitive behavioral therapy: combining cognitive/behavioral techniques
Automatic negative thoughts typical of those dealing with depression
Overgeneralization, catastrophizing, all-or-nothing thinking
Biological therapies, how they work, shortcomings/advantages
Antianxiety drugs: reduce anxiety symptoms, may cause drowsiness/addiction
Antidepressants: improve mood, may take weeks to work
Mood stabilizers: manage bipolar symptoms, require monitoring
Typical antipsychotics: treat psychosis, have side effects
Atypical antipsychotics: fewer side effects, may cause weight gain/diabetes risk
Biological therapies, how they work, shortcomings/advantages
Electroconvulsive shock therapy: treats severe depression, may cause memory loss
Psychosurgery
Chapter 14
Factors Relevant to Defining Abnormal Behavior:
Abnormal behavior is defined by considering genetic, biological, cognitive, developmental, and social factors. It involves behaviors causing distress, not just those that are socially unacceptable or statistically deviant.
General Description of the DSM-V:
The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) is a tool used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders. It provides standardized criteria and is essential for treatment recommendations and insurance purposes.
Prevalence of Mental Disorders Among Adults in the US:
Statistics show that mental disorders are common among adults in the US, with significant impacts on disability and daily functioning. For detailed statistics, refer to sources like the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) and the CDC.
Gender Differences in Mental Disorders:
Women are more likely to experience mood and anxiety disorders, while men are more prone to substance abuse disorders.
Perspectives on Mental Illness:
Biological: Focuses on genetics and neurobiology.
Psychological: Emphasizes cognitive and emotional factors.
Sociocultural: Considers social and cultural influences.
Biopsychosocial: Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors.
Multipath Approach to Mental Illness:
This approach considers multiple pathways and factors (biological, psychological, social, and cultural) that contribute to mental disorders.
Symptoms and Causes of Anxiety Disorders:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Excessive worry, restlessness, fatigue; caused by genetics, stress, personality traits.
Panic Disorder: Sudden panic attacks, fear of losing control; caused by genetics, environmental triggers.
Specific Phobias: Intense fear of specific objects/situations; caused by conditioning, genetics.
Social Anxiety Disorder: Fear of social situations; caused by genetics, negative social experiences.
Agoraphobia: Fear of situations where escape is difficult; often linked to panic disorder.
OCD: Obsessions and compulsions; caused by genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances.
Hoarding Disorder: Difficulty discarding possessions; caused by anxiety, perfectionism.
PTSD: Intrusive thoughts, avoidance, hypervigilance; caused by traumatic events.
Gender Differences in Incidence of Disorders:
Women are more likely to experience mood and anxiety disorders, while men are more likely to have substance use disorders.
Explanation of OCD and PTSD:
OCD: Characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
PTSD: Caused by trauma, leading to flashbacks, avoidance, and hypervigilance.
Symptoms and Causes of Dissociative Disorders:
Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Feeling detached from oneself; caused by severe stress or trauma.
Dissociative Amnesia: Inability to recall personal information; caused by psychological trauma.
Dissociative Fugue: Sudden travel and identity confusion; triggered by extreme stress.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Multiple distinct identities; caused by severe childhood trauma.
Controversy of DID Diagnosis:
DID is controversial due to debates over its validity, potential for therapist suggestion, and lack of conclusive research.
Symptoms and Causes of Somatic Disorders:
Somatic Symptom Disorder: Excessive worry about physical symptoms.
Illness Anxiety Disorder: Fear of having a serious illness.
Conversion Disorder: Neurological symptoms without medical cause.
Factitious Disorder: Deliberately faking symptoms for attention.
Symptoms of Mood Disorders:
Major Depressive Disorder: Persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue.
Persistent Depressive Disorder: Chronic low-grade depression.
Bipolar I Disorder: Episodes of mania and depression.
Bipolar II Disorder: Hypomania and depression.
Cyclothymic Disorder: Mild mood swings.
Explanation of OCD and Bipolar Disorder:
OCD: Intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
Bipolar Disorder: Mood swings between mania/hypomania and depression.
Causes of Mood Disorders:
Brain chemistry, genetics, life events, medications, health conditions, and hormonal changes.
Gender Differences in Mood Disorders:
Women are more likely to experience mood disorders, possibly due to hormonal factors and social stressors.
Link Between Major Depressive Disorder and Suicide:
MDD is linked to suicide due to feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and intense sadness, leading to suicidal thoughts.
Myths Related to Suicide:
Common myths include the belief that talking about suicide increases the risk, or that people who talk about it won't actually do it.
Statistics Related to Suicide:
Over 49,000 people died by suicide in 2022, with one death every 11 minutes.
Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia:
Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking.
Negative Symptoms: Apathy, anhedonia, avolition.
Potential Causes of Schizophrenia:
Genetics, environmental factors, brain structure differences, and other factors like immune system dysfunction.
Symptoms of Personality Disorders:
Cluster A: Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal.
Cluster B: Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic.
Cluster C: Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.
Explanation of Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders:
Antisocial Personality Disorder: Lack of empathy, manipulative behavior.
Borderline Personality Disorder: Emotional instability, fear of abandonment.
Symptoms and Causes of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder:
ADHD: Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity; caused by genetics and brain development differences.
ASD: Social communication challenges, repetitive behaviors; caused by genetics and environmental factors.
Chapter 16
Meaning of the Term Stressor:
A stressor is any event or situation that causes stress.
Types of Stressors:
Daily Hassles: Minor irritations.
Major Disasters: Significant events like natural disasters.
Catastrophes: Large-scale traumatic events.
Conflicts: Situations requiring difficult decisions.
Long-Term Outcomes of Daily Hassles:
Daily hassles can accumulate and lead to significant stress over time.
Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale:
Measures stress based on life events; higher scores are linked to poorer health outcomes.
Factors Influencing Impact of Stressors:
Control, predictability, and positivity of the stressor affect its impact.
Stress and PTSD:
Stressful events can lead to PTSD, characterized by intrusive thoughts and hypervigilance.
Types of Conflicts:
Approach-Approach: Choosing between two desirable options.
Avoidance-Avoidance: Choosing between two undesirable options.
Approach-Avoidance: One option has both positive and negative aspects.
Double Approach-Avoidance: Multiple options with both positive and negative aspects.
Poverty and Stress:
Poverty is linked to higher stress due to financial instability and limited resources.
Resilience and Stress:
Resilience is the ability to adapt and recover from stress.
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome:
Describes the body's response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
SAM System and HPA Axis:
Both systems are involved in the body's stress response, affecting hormones and immune function.
Stress and Immune System Function:
Chronic stress can weaken the immune system.
Stress and Heart Disease:
Stress increases the risk of heart disease by affecting blood pressure and heart rate.
Type A Personality and Stress:
Type A individuals are more prone to stress and negative health outcomes due to their competitive and aggressive nature.
Cognitive Appraisals and Stress:
Primary appraisal assesses the threat, while secondary appraisal evaluates coping resources.
Emotion-Focused and Problem-Focused Coping:
Emotion-Focused: Managing emotions related to stress.
Problem-Focused: Addressing the problem causing stress.
Strategies to Deal with Stressors:
Techniques like relaxation, exercise, and time management can help manage stress.
Chapter 15
Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders:
Biological, psychological, and evidence-based approaches are used for diagnosis and treatment.
Types of Mental Health Professionals:
Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and counselors, each with different training and services.
Individual vs. Group Therapy:
Individual therapy focuses on one-on-one sessions, while group therapy involves multiple participants.
Online Therapy:
Advantages include accessibility and convenience; disadvantages include lack of personal interaction.
Depression Treatment Statistics:
Many individuals with depression seek treatment, but barriers like stigma and access remain.
Behavioral Therapies:
Systematic Desensitization: Gradual exposure to fears.
Flooding: Intense exposure to fears.
Aversion Therapy: Associating negative stimuli with unwanted behaviors.
Token Economies: Rewarding desired behaviors.
Cognitive Therapies:
Cognitive Restructuring: Changing negative thought patterns.
**Rational