Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

  • Page 1: Textbook of Pakistan Studies for Grade 11 & 12 by National Book Foundation.
  • Page 3: Textbook of Pakistan Studies Grade 11 & 12.
  • Page 4: Copyright 2020 National Book Foundation. Authors include Prof. Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan, Prof. Dr. Samina Nadeem, Muhammad Hussnain Akhtar, and Muhammad Farooq. Editing by Ishtiaq Ahmad Malik. Management by Muhammad Rafique.
  • Page 5: Preface states the textbook is developed according to the National Curriculum 2002 and provides information to students, teachers, and general readers. It orients on the Two Nation-Theory and Ideology of Pakistan. Feedback from educational institutions has been incorporated, and suggestions for improvement are welcome.
  • Page 6: Table of Contents lists chapters:
    • Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1-28)
    • Initial Problems of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (29-45)
    • Geography of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (46-66)
    • Steps Towards Islamic Republic of Pakistan (67-87)
    • Administrative Structure of Pakistan and the Concept of Good Governance (88-107)
    • Culture of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (108-122)
    • Languages of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (123-133)
    • National Integration and Prosperity (134-141)
    • Economic Planning and Development in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (142-156)
    • Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (157-176)

Genesis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

  • Ideology: A set of ideas or norms forming the basis of a community's ideals and principles.
  • Islamic Ideology: A way of life based on the tenets of Islam.
  • Islamic Concept of Nationhood: Muslims have a distinct identity based on their faith, separate from other nations, fostering a feeling of oneness known as the 'Two Nation Theory.'
  • Muslims believe in self-determination and the right to form independent democratic states where they can live according to their faith.

The Two Nation Theory: Defined and Explained

  • Islam was introduced in India, and Muslims grew into a sizeable community, guarding their identity.
  • Definition: 'Pakistan Ideology' refers to the beliefs and objectives that motivated the Muslim freedom struggle in South-East Asia, guided by the principle of establishing a Muslim state based on Islamic tenets.
  • Muslims desired to live as free citizens in an independent democratic state to order their lives according to Islam.
  • The area forming Pakistan had a small non-Muslim population (3-5%).
  • Non-Muslims believed their rights would be protected in a Muslim state, as civil and political rights are equal for all citizens.
  • Christians, Hindus, and other communities actively participated in the Pakistan movement.
  • Sacrifices by non-Muslims demonstrate their patriotic spirit.

Components of the Pakistan Ideology

  • Islam: A motivating force behind the demand for Pakistan, aimed at proving the validity of Islamic principles.
  • Quaid-e-Azam stated Pakistan was meant to be a laboratory for Islamic principles.
  • Authority in an Islamic state rests with Allah, and government is conducted according to Quranic principles.
  • No individual or institution can act absolutely; behavior is controlled by Quranic injunctions.
  • Democracy: The system of an Islamic state is based on democratic principles.
  • Quaid-e-Azam emphasized that the constitution would be democratic, embodying essential Islamic principles applicable even after 1400 years.
  • Social Justice, Equality, and Sense of Responsibility: Islam teaches equality and justice.
  • Muslims are inheritors of glorious traditions and have responsibilities as framers of Pakistan's constitution.
  • Fundamental Human Rights: The Muslim demand for Pakistan was motivated by the fear of extremist Hindu leadership depriving non-Hindus of fundamental rights.
  • An important objective was to safeguard the rights of Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
  • The Quaid-e-Azam championed human rights, stating that all citizens are equal, regardless of religion, caste, or creed.

Pakistan: The Outcome of the Sustained Muslim Efforts

Landmark Events: 1857 to the Creation of Pakistan

  • British Ascendancy: In 1857, Muslim rule ended, and India came under British control in 1858.
  • The Aligarh Movement: Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan advocated for British education and friendship with the British rulers.
  • He founded the Aligarh School in 1875 and established educational institutions.
  • The Urdu-Hindi controversy in 1867 highlighted Hindu antagonism towards Urdu, leading Sir Sayyid to foresee a parting of ways between the two communities.
  • Extremist Hindu Movements: The Arya Samaj aimed at reconverting Muslims to Hinduism. Bankim Chandra Chatterji's novel "Anand Matth" and the anti-Muslim song "Bande Mataram" provoked Muslim sentiments.
  • Pakistan is the result of a sustained Muslim struggle over ninety years.
  • The Partition of Bengal: In 1905, Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal for administrative reasons, benefiting Muslims.
  • Hindus and the Indian National Congress opposed the partition vehemently.
  • Muslims felt the need for their own political platform to voice their demands.
  • The Simla Deputation and Demand for Separate Electorate: In 1906, Muslim leaders met Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla, demanding a separate electorate.
  • The Viceroy's attitude was encouraging.
  • Establishment of the Muslim League: Encouraged by the Simla Deputation, Muslims established the All India Muslim League in Dacca in December 1906 to address Muslim demands constitutionally.

Proposals For the Solution of the Constitutional Problems

  • Numerous efforts were made to reconcile constitutional issues, including:
    • Mintromorley Reforms or the Government of India Act 1909.
    • The Lucknow Pact 1916 (Congress-League proposals).
    • Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India Act 1919.
    • The Delhi-Muslim Proposals 1927.
    • The Simon Commission 1928.
    • The Nehru Report 1928 (anti-Muslim Congress stance).
    • The All Parties Muslim Conference (1928-1929).
    • The Quaid-e-Azam's Fourteen Points 1929.
    • The Round Table Conference, London, 1930 to 1932.
    • New constitutional arrangement; the Government of India Act 1935.
    • Arrival and failure of the Cripps Mission (1942).
    • The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946).
    • British Prime Minister's declaration of February 20, 1947.
    • Mountbatten's arrival and Third June 1947: Plan.
    • Indian Independence Act July 1947.

Evolution of the Muslim League's Constitutional Struggle

  • Established; Decca 1906.
  • Establishment of the London branch of the Muslim League; 1908.
  • Amendment of the objectives; demand of self-government under the British umbrella, 1913.
  • The Quaid-e-Azam joins Muslim League (1913).
  • Congress-League reconciliation (Lucknow Pact 1916).
  • The Quaid-e-Azam quits the Home Rule League and the Congress (1920).
  • Delhi Proposals (1927).
  • Adoption of the resolution embodying Fourteen Point formula rendered by the Quaid-e-Azam (1929).
  • Allahabad Address (1930); Iqbal's proposal for the Muslim right of self-determination.
  • Steps taken by the Quaid-e-Azam for the re-organization of the Muslim League (1935).
  • Muslim League's poor performance in the general elections (1937).
  • Mass movement against the Congress, organized by the Muslim League. The Muslim League takes off as a popular movement (1937-1939).
  • The Lahore Resolution adopted (1940).
  • The Muslim League merited with exemplary success in the general elections (1945-46).
  • "Direct Action Day" observed by the Muslims throughout India, the Muslim League demonstrates its street power (August 16, 1946).

Other Important Events

  • 1911; Annulment of the Partition of Bengal.
  • 1920; Aligarh College rose to the status of a University.
  • 1919; beginning of the Khilafat Movement.
  • 1924; abolition of the institution of Khilafat by Mustapha Kamal Ata Turk; end of the Khilafat Movement.
  • 1923-24; Civil Disobedience Movement, launched by Gandhiji to support the Khilafat cause, was called off.
  • Chaudhary Rehmat Ali proposed the name of ‘Pakistan'.
  • 1937; the Congress and the allied parties were able to form governments in seven out of the eleven Indian provinces.
  • 1937; The Punjab Muslim Students Federation adopted the demand of a separate Muslim homeland as its objective.
  • October 1939; the Congress ministries resigned office.
  • December 22; 1939; to mark the end of the oppressive Congress rule. The Muslim League observed 'Deliverance Day'.
  • June 1945; Viceroy Lord Wavell and the Indian leaders failed to reach an agreement on constitutional issues in the Simla Conference.
  • October 1946; the Muslim League joined the interim government as a political move.
  • August 11, 1947; opening session of the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was held at Karachi.
  • August 14, 1947; Lord Mountbatten transferred power to the Governor General of Pakistan. Beginning of a new era in the history of the Indian Muslims.

The Background of the Aligarh Movement

  • Indian authority shifted from Muslim to British hands after the War of Independence in 1857.
  • Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan stood by the British during the War of Independence.
  • Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan believed it was not a wise policy for Muslims to adopt an antagonistic attitude towards the British.
  • He advised Muslims to adopt conciliation and friendship with the British, abstain from politics, acquire modern education, secure government services, and be loyal.
  • Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan’s conciliatory efforts are known as the 'Aligarh Movement'.
  • Objectives of Sir Sayyid's efforts:
    1. To bring about conciliation among the Muslims and the British.
    2. To spread education among the Muslims, impart English language and learning, and familiarize Muslims with British culture.
    3. To make the Muslims loyal subjects of the British Government.
    4. To develop friendly relations between Muslims and other Indian nations.

Sir Sayyid's Efforts:

  1. Causes of Indian Mutiny: In 1859 Sir Sayyid wrote "Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind", proving the uprising of 1857 was not a war of independence but an upheaval spurred by trouble makers, also blaming some unwise British policies.
  2. The Loyal Muhammadans of India: In 1860 Sir Sayyid launched a magazine to highlight services of Muslims who saved British officials and citizens.
  3. Some other Reconciliatory Efforts: Sir Sayyed wrote books and tracts, including Tehqiq-e-lafz-e-Nasara, Tabein-ul-Kalam, Risala-Ehkam-e-Toam-e-Ahl-e-Kitab, and Aligarh Institute Gazette.
  4. Establishment of Schools: During his service, Sir Sayyid opened schools at Murad Abad (1859) and Ghazipur (1862).
  5. Establishment of the Scientific Society: In 1863 Sir Sayyid launched an institution to translate scholarly works from English to Urdu.
  6. Study of the British Education System: Sir Sayyid made a deep study of the British educational institutions and established a committee named “Khawastgaran-e-Traqi-e-Tallem-e-Musalmanaan-e-Hind".
  7. Establishment of the MAO Schools: The committee established a school at Aligarh in 1875 named Muhammadan Anglo Oriental School”.
  8. Establishment of the MAO College: The MAO School was upgraded to a college in 1877. Viceroy Lord Lyton laid the foundation stone.
  9. Establishment of the Muhammadan Educational Conference: To motivate Muslims for modern knowledge, Sir Sayyid established the Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886.
  10. Political Services and the Two Nations Theory: Sir Sayyid's services in politics are highly meritorious.
    • As a member of the Imperial Legislative Council, he took up Indian problems effectively.
    • In 1867, Hindus of Banaras demanded Urdu be replaced by Hindi. His demand for separate electorate was a direct corollary of such Hindu overtures.

Establishment of the All India Muslim League

  • British system of government introduced in 1858 was democratic, favoring the Hindu majority.
  • The British had crippled the Muslims economically.
  • A Muslim political platform was necessary to voice Muslim demands effectively.
  • Urdu-Hindi Controversy spurred by Hindus in 1867, demanding replacement of Urdu by Hindi.
  • Extremist Hindus started programmes like the "Arya Samaj" to reconvert Muslims into Hindu religion.
  • A retired British Civil Servant A.O. Hume established the Indian National Congress in 1885. Hindus joined in great numbers.
  • Partition of Bengal in 1905 benefited Muslims, leading to strong protests from Hindus and the Congress.
  • Liberal Party in Britain gave a programme of political reforms for India.
  • Muslim leaders decided to make a common cause for taking up the demands of the Muslim community the government.
  • Thirty-five top-ranking Muslim leaders called on Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla in 1906, demanding reserved quota of seats and separate electorate.

Foundation of the All India Muslim League

  • Resolution for the establishment of All India Muslim League was moved in Dacca in December 1906 by Nawab Salim-Ullah Khan and was seconded by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan.
  • Sir Agha Khan was made the first president.

Objectives

  1. To safeguard and protect the interests of Indian Muslims.
  2. To create respect and goodwill for the government amongst Muslims.
  3. To create brotherhood between Muslims and other Indian communities.
  • In March 1913 changes were made on Quaid-e-Azam's initiative, forsaking policy of unconditional subservience in favor of