15. Forest Utilization

Forest Products Utilization

  • Faculty in-charge: Ma. Ellenita G. De Castro, DFBS, CFNR

  • Reminder on essential topics:

    • Social Forestry

    • Forest Production and Utilization

    • Environmental Utilization

    • Industrial Forestry

  • Aim: Contribute to the economy through forest products utilization

Outline

  1. Timber Harvesting

  2. Wood Products

    • Primary

    • Secondary

    • Non-Wood Forest Products

Forest Extract

  • Forest resources are extracted for:

    • Timber harvesting

    • Raw materials

    • Wood and non-wood products

Page 1: Timber Harvesting

Definition of Timber Harvesting

  • The process of felling, trimming trees, and transporting logs to a mill (American Heritage Dictionary, 2003).

  • Also known as logging.

  • Importance of sustainable forest management in timber harvesting.

Reasons for Timber Harvesting

  • Production of various products (paper, lumber, etc.).

  • Immediate source of income for communities.

  • Provides accessibility for recreational activities (hikers, hunters, etc.).

  • Improves forest health by removing unhealthy trees.

  • Controls species growth and attracts specific wildlife.

Objections to Timber Harvesting

  • Potential for malpractice.

  • Negative environmental impacts (soil erosion, floods, loss of biodiversity).

Regulatory Framework

  • Executive Order 23 governing tree harvesting practices.

Page 2: Timber Harvesting Steps

Steps in Timber Harvesting

  1. Felling: Severing the tree from the stump.

  2. Log Preparation: Debranching, topping, and crosscutting logs.

  3. Extraction: Pulling trees from the forest to a designated area.

  4. Transport: Delivering logs to the mill for processing.

Methods of Felling

Techniques

  • Undercut, Backcut, Wedging.

Considerations in Felling

  • Tree lean and weight distribution.

  • Cutting close to ground level for efficiency.

  • Proper direction of tree fall.

Page 3: Log Preparation

Log Preparation

  • Involves delimbing, topping the trees, and bucking.

  • Bucking: Cutting the tree stem into logs.

  • Importance of removing defects and complying with market requirements.

Page 4: Log Transportation

Types of Transportation

  • Minor Transportation: Skidding, yarding, and skylining.

  • Major Transportation: Land, water, aerial.
    ## Water Transport

  • Methods for delivering logs post-harvest.

Page 5: Characteristics of Wood

Definition of Wood

  • Hard, fibrous substance under bark and branches, made of hollow cells arranged in a honeycomb fashion.

  • Considered a product of plant maturation.

Characteristics

  1. Highly diverse and variable.

  2. Hygroscopic; affinity for water.

  3. Anisotropic; properties differ in directions.

  4. Susceptible to decay and deterioration (fungi, termites).

  5. Can be durable under proper conditions.

  6. Flammable.

Classification of Wood

  1. Softwood (Gymnosperm): Needle-like foliage, seeds in cones.

  2. Hardwood (Angiosperm): Broad leaves, seeds held in ovary.

Page 6: Comparison of Wood Types

Softwood vs. Hardwood

  • Softwood:

    • Produced by gymnosperms.

    • Non-porous, primarily tracheids.

  • Hardwood:

    • Produced by angiosperms.

    • Pores or vessels with more complex structure.

Page 7: Examples of Wood Types

  • Examples of softwood: Benguet Pine, Ipil.

  • Examples of hardwood: Mahogany, Teak.

Page 8: Forest Products

Categories

  • Wood Products

    • Primary (Lumber, plywood).

    • Secondary (Furniture, pencils).

  • Non-Wood Forest Products (medicinal, cosmetic, and fiber products).

Page 9: Primary Wood Products

Specific Types




A. LumberB. Veneer and PlywoodC. Particle BoardD. Fiber Board

Page 10: Primary Wood Product Details

Lumber Production Process

  • Involves sawmilling and primary breakdown.

  • Head sawing techniques and materials used.

Types of Saws

  • Circular Saw

  • Band Saw

Page 11: Further Classification of Wood Products

Operations in Sawmill

  1. Edging/Ripping

  2. Trimming/Cross-cutting

  3. Piling and Sorting

  4. Treatment processes

  5. Seasoning methods

Page 12: Veneer and Plywood

Plywood Characteristics

  • Assemblage using odd layers of veneers glued together.

  • Types of bonds (exterior/interior) and construction types (veneer, lumber core).

Page 13: Particleboard

Definitions and Uses

  • Made from discrete wood particles and used in furniture and construction.

Page 14: Fiberboard

Fiberboard Defined

  • Manufactured from wood fibers, differing in density.

  • Uses in construction and furniture.

Page 15: Pulp and Paper Production

Paper Definition

  • Felted sheet of fibers from water suspension.

  • Historical significance in ancient cultures.

Page 16: Paper History

  • Introduced by Egyptians using papyrus; further developed by the Chinese.

  • Key processes in pulp and paper production include stock preparation and the papermaking process.

Page 17: Secondary Wood Products

Classification

Wood Furniture

Wood Containers

Mechanically Processed Wood Products

  • Various applications ranging from packaging to construction.

Page 18: Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

  • Recognizes contributions to local economies and ecosystems.

  • Essential resources for communities, including fibers and construction materials.

Page 19: Plant Sources of Structural Materials

Bamboo

  • Easily grown, increasing demand for various products.

Rattan

  • Climbing palms with unique properties and applications.

Page 20: Other Plant Sources of Fibers

  • Identification and importance of other fibers used in crafts and industry.

Page 21: Chemical and Extractive Products

Resin Producing Plants

Dye and Tannin Producing Plants

  • Dyes and tannin extraction processes and examples.

Page 22: Gum and Latex Producing Plants

  • Definition and examples focusing on their applications in various industries.

Page 23: Seed Oils

  • Description and uses of oils extracted from various seeds.