CHEM2070 Midterm #2 Study Guide

Lecture Notes & Slides
- Include crucial components such as:
  - Definitions of key terms.
  - Practice problems along with slides that include answers.
- Exam Format:
  - The exam will consist of 40 multiple choice questions that cover:
  - Calculations
  - Definitions
  - Questions similar to practice problems and homework.

Key Definitions:
- Organic vs. Inorganic:
  - Organic compounds contain carbon, while inorganic compounds typically do not.
- Saturated vs. Unsaturated:
  - Saturated hydrocarbons contain single bonds only, while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds.
Alkanes:
- Naming conventions for alkanes with 1 to 4 carbons.
- Structural formulas:
  - Condensed Formula: A simplified version that shows only the connections between atoms.
  - Expanded Formula: A full structural representation showing every bond.
  - Line-Angle Formula: A shorthand notation for organic molecules that represents bonds using lines.
  - Molecular Formula: A chemical formula that shows the number and type of atoms present.
- Cyclic Alkanes: Alkanes that form cyclic structures.
- Alkanes with Substituents: Understanding IUPAC naming rules for alkanes with branches.
- Properties of Alkanes:
  - Discuss properties based on carbon chain length.
  - Examine combustion and density of alkanes.
Alkenes and Alkynes:
- Definitions of alkenes (double bonds) and alkynes (triple bonds).
- Cis vs. Trans Isomers:
  - Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement.
  - Naming conventions for these isomers.
Aromatic Compounds:
- Definition and characteristics of aromatic compounds.

Alcohols:
- Structure and IUPAC naming rules for alcohols.
- Phenol:
  - Structure and naming examples for phenolic compounds.
Thiols:
- Basic structure and naming convention for thiol groups.
Ethers:
- Structure and naming rules for ether compounds.
Properties of Alcohols:
- Distinction among primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.
- Solubility in water for alcohols depending on structure.
Ketones:
- Definition and IUPAC naming rules for keto compounds.
Aldehydes:
- Definition and IUPAC naming rules for aldehyde groups.
- Water solubility characteristics of aldehydes and ketones.

Functions and Chemical Formula:
- Overview function of carbohydrates and general formula.
Monosaccharides:
- Names based on chain length and types:
  - Aldo vs. Keto classifications.
  - Numbering of carbon atoms.
- Chiral Molecules:
  - Definition of chiral molecules.
- Enantiomers:
  - Definition and characteristics of enantiomers.
- Fischer Projections:
  - Definition, numbering rules, and assigning D vs. L configurations.
  - Examples: D-galactose, D/L-glucose.
- Importance in Health:
  - Role of monosaccharides in health and blood sugar management.
- Specific examples include D-fructose and their structural relevance.
- Haworth Structure:
  - Definition including alpha vs. beta isomers of monosaccharides.
  - Discussion of mutarotation and 5-membered Haworth structures.
- Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides:
  - Reactions including aldehyde oxidation and reduction.
Disaccharides:
- Definition and examples:
  - Maltose: Component parts and bond type.
  - Lactose: Example in disaccharides.
  - Sucrose: Example in disaccharides.
Polysaccharides:
- Definition and functions in biological systems.
- Major examples: Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen, Cellulose.

Definitions, Examples, and Functions:
- Overview definition of lipids and their various functions in biological contexts.
General Classifications:
- Fatty acids and steroids as primary categories of lipids.
Fatty Acids Structures:
- Saturated Fatty Acids: Characterized by single bonds.
- Lipid Number Nomenclature: Understanding how lipids are named based on carbon chain length and saturation.
- Monounsaturated Fatty Acids: Structures and distinctions (cis vs. trans).
- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Description and significance.
- Properties of Fatty Acids:
  - Comparative properties of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids.
- Omega Fatty Acids: Importance and definitions for these fatty acids.
- Waxes:
  - Definition and chemical structures of waxes.
Triacylglycerols:
- Definition, structure, types of bonds, and understanding mixed triacylglycerols.
- Chemical Properties:
  - Reactions including hydrogenation reactions, saponification, and hydrolysis.
Phospholipids:
- Definition, function, structure, and components including head groups.
Sphingomyelins:
- Definition and primary components.
Steroids:
- Structure and classification of steroids.
- Types of steroids discussed:
  - Cholesterol
  - Bile salts
  - Lipoproteins
  - Steroid hormones.
Cell Membranes:
- Definition and introduction to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes.
- Types of transport mechanisms used by the membranes.

Homework Problems:
- Relevant chapters for practice problems include:
  - Chapter 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15.
- Recommendation to rework these problems and identify any areas of confusion.
Textbook:
- Suggestions for chapters to review to fill in any understanding gaps:
  - Chapter 11: Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8
  - Chapter 12: Parts 1, 2, 3
  - Chapter 14: Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
  - Chapter 13: Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
  - Chapter 15: Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Additional Materials:
- PowerPoint Presentations: "Examples of Worked Problems".
- Audio Recordings: For supplementary learning.

Required Materials:
- Green Scantron form
- Pencil
- Student ID (to be shown when handing in the exam, or during distribution).
- Calculator (non-graphing, no cell phones allowed).