Untitled Flashcards Set

Chapter 12 (Westward Expansion)

• Manifest Destiny- John O’Sullivan; God given duty for Americans to expand and spread civilization/democracy; what basically all expansion was based on 

• Reasons for Expansion- Manifest Destiny, economic opportunities, population increase, nationalism, tech improvements (railroads, canals, etc)

• Texas- Owned by Mexico; MX forced all immigrants (many white settlers) to become Catholic & abolished slavery; Sam Houston revolted against Mexican Dictator Santa Anna; MX denied the peace treaty; Texas was (kinda) independent; asked for US to annex it; Jackson, Van Buren, & John Tyler (despite wanting to annex it) rejected it or couldn’t get it through Senate b/c expansion of slavery since Texas had slavery as an independent nation & pressure from Northern Whigs

• Oregon- British owned; America wanted it since they already had many settlers there

• Election of 1844- Dem; Van Buren: no annexation, John C. Calhoun: annexation; caused split in Dem party; nominated James K. Polk: pro-annexation, wanted all of Oregon, & wanted California; “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” referring to expansionism vs Henry Clay; Polk won b/c of Southern & Western support

• Mexican American War

  • Causes- Polk wanted Cali & said the border of Texas w/ Mexico was at the Rio Grande River (TX was not part of MX); MX said it was at Nueces River (Texas was part of MX); Whigs opposed war

  • Military Campaigns- First major was fought on foreign territory; General Stephen Kearny drove in to Cali; Zachary Taylor drove Mexican Army out of Texas

  • Results- US Victory

    • Treaty of Guadalupe (1848)- MX recognized Rio River as border & Mexican Cession -- gave US California & New Mexico for $15 mil

    • Opposition- Whigs feared it would mean the expansion of slavery; some Southern Dems didn’t like it b/c they wanted all of Mexico

    • Wilmot Proviso- David Wilmot; made plan for there not to be slavery in newly acquired territory; didn’t pass; set precedent for compromise to be used over slavery

• Expansion

  • Ostend Manifesto- Tried to get Cuba from Spain b/c of plantation possibilities there; didn’t work

  • Gadsden Purchase- President Franklin Pierce bought tiny piece of land in NM & AZ to build railroad

• Settlement- Skipped Great Plains & went straight Oregon & California; largely a middle-class movement

  • Gold Rush (1848-1850s)- Discovery of gold in CA caused massives amount of emigration to CA; also caused large Chinese immigration to West Coast

• Economic Expansion

  • Tech- Telegraph (Samuel F.B. Morse) & railroad made communication & transportation easier; helped connect the nation & helped Western agriculture

  • Kanagawa Treaty- Commodore Perry; opened trade w/ isolationist Japan

  • Panic of 1857- Hurt Midwestern farmers & Northerners; didn’t affect South much; increased sectionalism & made them believe their econ was superior

Summary: In large part due to John O'sullivan's Manifest Destiny, Americans believed it was their God given duty to expand out westward and spread civilization. This ultimately would lead to attempts to expand into now-Mexican territory, best seen in the opinion of James Polk and “54-40 or Fight!” campaign and other Southern and Western Democrats, and be heavily opposed by Northern Whigs, who feared the expansion of slavery. This would then go on to spark the Mexican-American War, fought over Mexican territories: Texas, which was disputed, but Texas claimed to be independent, and California. Won due to generals such as Zachary Taylor, the Mexican-American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe, giving America the Mexican Cession -- New Mexico and California, being the first major wave of expansion. However, expansion began issues over slavery, and its expansion into these new territories. This would cause David Wilmot to propose the Wilmot Proviso, saying none of new territories would allow for slavery and setting a precedent for peaceful methods to deal with the expansion of slavery, but it did not get through Congress. Expansion would continue with the Ostend Manifesto, showing the United States’ interest in acquiring Cuba for economic reasons and the Gadsden Purchase, which would allow a railroad to be built. New technology such as the railroad and the telegraph also aided the expansion, connecting the West and East Coast. This would also facilitate the large move to the West Coast during the Gold Rush, which also attracted a prominent wave of Chinese immigrants. Trade was also opened with Japan in the Kanagawa Treaty, allowing for even more economic opportunities. However, this would all end with the Panic of 1857, which hurt Mid-western farmers and Northern industrialists the most, leading the South to believe it had the superior economy, increasing sectionalism.

Chapter 13 (Union in Peril)

• Free Soil Movement- Were against the expansion of slavery, not slavery, b/c they wanted economic opporutinities for white men; mostly Northerners (also included some abolitionists); South saw it as a threat to their constitutional right to property

• Popular Sovereignty- Lewis Cass; allowing states to vote on whether or not it would have slavery; supported by moderate Whigs & moderate Democrats

• Election of 1848- Zachary Taylor (Whig- no position on slavery) vs Lewis Cass (Dem- popular sovereignty) vs Van Buren (Free soil); Zachary Taylor won

• Compromise of 1850- California wanted to be admitted as a free state; “fire eaters” Southern slave owners, radical Democrats considered seceding; Henry Clay made compromise: California be admitted as a free state, Mexican Cession would be divided into Utah & New Mexico w/ popular sovereignty, ban slave trade in DC, fugitive slave law- Slaves who had escaped could be kidnapped & brought back into slavery; adopted by Millard Fillmore after the death of Taylor w/ Stephen Douglas’ help

• Fugitive Slave Law- Heavily supported by South; got them to pass Comp of 1850; infuriated North & abolitionists

• Underground Railroad- Harriet Tubman; helped slaves escape to North; aided later by Frederick Douglas & Sojourner Truth

• Books

  • Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Harriet Beecher Stowe; exposed horrible truths of slavery & influenced millions of Northerners to support abolitionism; South deemed it “untruthful”

  • Impending Crisis of the South- Southerner Hinton Helper used statistics to prove slavery was harming South’s economy; banned in South & used heavily in North

  • Southern Reaction- Argued slavery was allowed by Bible & argued slavery was beneficial for both slaves & owners; argued wage workers in North were slaves in worse conditions - “wage slaves”

• Election of 1852- Winfield Scott (Whig- no position on slavery; internal improvements) vs Franklin Pierce (Dem- Northerner but supported fugitive slave law); Pierce won

• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)- Senator of Illinois Stephen Douglas wanted to build a railroad & needed Southern support; came to compromise; split Kansas & Nebraska into two & have popular sovereignty; both were above 36,30 line established in the Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Bleeding Kansas- Pro-slavery farmers & abolitionists (Free Soil Party used New England Emigrant Aid Company to transport people) rushed into Kansas to vote; got violent; John Brown--fierce abolitionist--; first major time violence was used over issue of slavery

  • Lecompton vs Topeka- Lecompton was pro-slavery legislature in Kansas; Topeka was anti-slavery legislature in Kansas

• Sumner-Brooks Incident- Preston Brooks- proslavery - beat Charles Sumner - anti-slavery - w/ a cane in Congress; increased tensions between North & South

• New Parties- Whig Party was weakened by conflicts; Northern & Southern Democrats for a short period

  • Know-Nothing Party- Nativist party; against Catholics & Irish/German immigration; helped weaken Whig party w/ minor support

  • Republican Party- Wisconsin (1854); Free-soilers & antislavery Whigs; opposed spread of slavery- not necesarily abolition; called for repeal of Kansas-Nebraska Act & Fugitive Slave Law

  • Election of 1856- Rep- John Fremont (no expansion of slavery, homesteads, & protective tarrifs) vs Dem- James Buchanan; Buchanan won but Reps also did very well; established Reps as a major National party

• Constitutional Issues

  • Lecompton Constitution- Kansas settlers (mostly Reps) opposed Lecompton legislature; Kansas entered as a free state

  • Dred Scott v Sandford (1857)- Dred Scott sued b/c he had fled to a free state; believed it made him free; Southern Dem Roger Taney (SCOTUS Chief Justice) ruled: African Americans were not citizens (Scott could not sue), Congress could not take away slavery b/c it was personal property nor prohibit the expansion of slavery, & Missouri Comp was uncostitutional; enraged Republicans, deligthed Southern Democrats; major cause of sectional tension

• John Brown’s Raid- Harpers Ferry; John Brown tried to lead a slave revolt; moderate Reps condemned his actions; South saw it as more proof the North wanted to destroy the South

• Election of 1860- Southern Dem- John Breckinridge (unrestricted exentsion of slavery & annexation of Cuba) Northern Dem- Stephen Douglas (Popular Soveirgnety) vs Constiutional Union Party- John Bell (Know-Nothings & moderate Dems- preserve Union & use Constitution) vs Rep- Abraham Lincoln (Maintain the Union, protective tarrifs for Northern industriaists, free homesteads for Western farmers); Lincoln won; South had threatened to seceede if he won

• Secession- South Carolina, GA, FL, AL, Miss, Louis, TX all secede first; rest of the southern states seceded; created Confederate States; like US but restricted President’s power on tariffs & slavery; elected Jefferson Davis

• Crittenden Compromise- Buchanan’s last attempt to preserve Union; extension of slavery under 36,30 line; Reps rejected it b/c they wanted no extension of slavery, South rejected it b/c they had already seceeded. 

Summary: Beginning this period of conflict over the expansion of slavery was a proposed solution by Democrat Lewis Cass; popular sovereignty, which would allow the residents of territories appyling for admission as states to choose whether or not they wanted slavery. This would make up Cass’ campaign during the Election of 1848 between Cass, the Whig nominee Zachary Taylor, who ended up winning, and the Van Buren with Free Soil Party, a new party formed pushing for no expansion of slavery as they wanted economic opportunities for white settlers. Considering the Gold Rush and the massive amounts of land obtained in the Mexican Cession, it was inevitable states would be created, creating dispute. When California tried to enter the nation as a free state, conflicts began over what status it would take considering it was over and under the 36,30 line established in the Compromise of 1820. This would lead Henry Clay to creating the Compromise of 1850, in which California would be taken in as a free state and the slave trade would be banned in DC, to please Northerners, the Mexican Cession would be split into New Mexico and Utah and would then use popular sovereignty to decide whether or not they would have slavery, and the fugitive slave law, both to please Southerners. However, this ultimately created more conflict. Paired with the recent release of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe exposing the cruelty of slavery to millions of Northerners, increasing the support for abolitionism, the Fugitive Slave Law, which allowed escaping slaves to be kidnapped and returned to slavery, creating massive amounts of fury in Northerners, tensions only rose. Under President Pierce, the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed for Stephen Douglas to build a railroad, leaving both Kansas and Nebraska to decide for slavery through popular sovereignty. However, in Kansas, things got violent when both pro slavery, at Lecompton, and anti slavery, at Topeka, groups crammed in to vote on the issue, causing the violence during Bleeding Kansas. Paired with Summer-Brooks incident in which a violent fight broke out in Congress due to arguments over slavery, a shift in solutions was seen over the issue of slavery, from peaceful compromise to violence. This issue would also create new parties; mainly the Know-Nothing Party, a purely nativist group which heavily opposed Catholic immigrants of Germany and Ireland, and the Republican party, a sort of successor to the failing Whig party, wanting no expansion of slavery, protective tariffs, and the repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Fugitive Slave Law, being established as a national party in the election of 1856, where they lost but still got a large amount of votes. However, tensions would continue to worsen dramatically with the Dred Scott decision, under Roger Taney, ruling that African Americans were not citizens, the Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional, and that Congress could not decide on the expansion of slavery; this would enrage Northerners. However, Southerners would be enraged next over the raid at Harpers Ferry, conducted by John Brown, an abolitionist who also fought during Bleeding Kansas, making Southerners firm in their belief that the North’s true intentions were to destroy the South. This would ultimately all lead to Southern Secession and the creation of the Confederate States in retaliation to the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln.

Chapter 14 (Civil War)

• Lincoln’s Goals Before War- To keep Union together; assured southerners he would not interfere w/ slavery; South still seceeded

• Fort Sumter- First shots of Civil War; Lincoln tried to send supplies to it despite it being in Confederacy; Lincoln sent troops, authorized war spending, & suspended writ of habeas corpus all w/o Congressional approval

• Border States- MD, Delaware, Missouri, KY; were allowed to have slaves but part of Union; strategic spots; DC, Missouri river, etc.

• Northern Advantages- Larger population, more railroads & farmland, had US Navy, more economically stable, had industry to manufacture arms, established gov

• Southern Advantages- Better generals, fighting a defensive war (less troop mobilization required), difficult coastline to blockade, fighting for something they believed in, King Cotton (foreign support from Britain due to reliance on Cotton; didn’t really work); had a shit economy and a horrible political structure though

• Major Battles

  • Battle of Bull Run- Confederate victory; broke illusion that war would be short & promoted the idea that Confederates were invincible; followed by more Confederate victories b/c of poor management by General McClellan

  • Union Strategy- Anaconda Plan; Winfield Scott; block Southern ports, take control of Miss River, conquer Richmond

  • Antietam- Bloodiest battle of CW; Conf Robert Lee tried to invade Maryland; McClellan intercepted and pushed them back out to VA; McClellan didn’t pursue Lee so he got fired; draw but “Union Victory” b/c Confederacy failed to get foreign aid from Britain

  • Shiloh- Not important but I saw it for some practice tests for the Subject Test; happened after Antietam; Ulysses S. Grant won

  • Vicksburg- Union victory; Union now controlled all of Miss River; turning point of war

  • Gettysburg- Union victory; drove Confederates out of Penn in Union; destroyed Confederate offensive line; major turning point; basically confirmed Union victory

  • Sherman’s March- William Tecumseh Sherman; march from Atlanta to Savannah destroying everything; total war; destroyed farms, houses, anything that was a southern advantage

• Foreign Affairs

  • Trent Affair- Britain almost sided w/ Confederacy; sent over diplomats James Mason & John Slidell on Trent; captured by Union ship & both were arrested; Britain threatened war; despite public criticism, Lincoln let them go

  • Failure of King Cotton- Ended by Trent Affair, Emancipation Proclamation which appealed to British, & Confederate defeats; Britain gave no aid

• End of Slavery

  • Confiscation Acts- 1st Confiscation Act gave Unions soldiers power to free slaves if they helped w/ war; 2nd Confiscation Act freed any slaves of anyone engaged in rebellion; helped get freed slaves on Union’s side in war; Massachusetts 54th Regiment- all black soldiers

  • Emancipation Proclamation- After battle of Antietam; freed slaves in territories of rebellion; only Confederacy not border states; didn’t do much in reality since Union had no governing power in Confederacy; made war about slavery

  • 13th Amendment- Passed after Lincoln’s assisination; still pushed for it heavily; abolished slavery

• End of War

  • Appomattox- Robert E. Lee surrendered ending the war in 1865 @ Appomattox Court House

  • Lincoln’s Assassination- Shot by John Wilkes Booth; Andrew Johnson became president

• Effects of War

  • Political- Rep majority in Congress; peace Democrats were against war, limitation of civil liberties through the suspension of habeas corpus recognized in the case of Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

    • The Draft- First major draft; wealthy could pay for replacements; enraged poor laborers who feared their jobs could be replaced by AAs; riots in NY

  • Economic Change- Tariffs (Morrill Tariff Act), paper currency (Greenbacks), created unified baking network (first since National Bank in Jackson era) by Union to fund war. North’s econ boomed w/ further industrialization 

  • Social Change- Women; took the important roles of men while they were away; opened nursing field to women; slight bit more independence & fueled suffragist movements later; end of slavery

Summary: Following the secession of Southern States, except the Border States which were crucial to the North’s strategical position, creating the Confederate States, caused by the perceived threat of Republican Lincoln’s election, it was only inevitable war would begin, the first shots happening at Fort Sumter in 1861. Going into the war, both the Union and Confederacy had advantages and weaknesses alike (weaknesses usually being the opposite of the other’s advantage) mostly being the immense population, farming and railroad ownership, power of the US Navy, and a better manufacturing economy for the Union, while the Confederacy used their keen generals, their defensive position, their morale, and their potential foreign aid from King Cotton to their advantage, though suffering from a poor political structure and economy. Beginning the war, the Confederacy, despite their clear weaknesses, were actually making considerable victories at battles such as Bull Run and the draw at Antietam under General Robert Lee. However, once Union General Ulysses S. Grant took charge, the war leaned more in the Union’s favor, with markable victories at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Sherman’s March, employing Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan of constricting the Confederacy’s mobility by capturing the Mississippi River. During the war, however, Britain almost sided with the Confederacy due to their reliance on cotton, but after the Trent Affair in which British diplomats were captured as war prisoners by the Union, the British working class’ push against slavery in the Confederacy, and the recent Confederate losses, Britian opted out of aiding them. This would then lead to the Confiscation Acts, brought up when Unions soldiers refused to return slaves to their owners, allowing them instead to join the army, creating numerous black soldiers and the Massachusetts 54th Regiment which was all African American, the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in all rebelling territories; the Confederacy, and the 13th Amendment, formally abolishing slavery. Paired with the recent Union victories, it was quite obvious the Confederacy was going to have to surrender, doing so at Appomattox Court House in 1865. However, despite the war ending, its effects in the Union could clearly be seen. During the war, the first major drafts were created, the habeas corpus was suspended, the Morrill Tariff Act was imposed to fund the war, women had temporarily taken over for their man’s role, making them briefly far more important, and most importantly, slavery was abolished.

Chapter 15 (Reconstruction)

• Lincoln’s Plans- Believed Southern states had never constitutionally seceded; minimum test for political loyalty & readmission

  • Proclamation of Amnesty & Recon (1863)- Readmission; presidential pardon, oath of allegiance, & acceptance of emancipation of slavery; 10% of voters loyalty oath

  • Wade-Davis Bill (1864)- More demanding; 50% of voters loyalty oath; permitted only Non-Confederates to join back in Congress; Lincoln refused to sign the bill

  • Freedmen’s Bureau- Early welfare agency; provided food, shelter, medical care, & education for newly freed slaves

• Andrew Johnson’s Plans- White supremacist; Southern Dem but only elected as Lincoln’s VP b/c Republicans wanted support from Northern Dems; a lot more sympathetic to the south; vetoed a lot of Congressional bills

  • Readmission Policy- 10% voter loyalty, disenfranchisement (Confeds can’t hold office or vote unless they are pardoned by the Pres (Johnson did so frequently)

• Southern Govs- All came back into Union w/o slavery & accepting the 13th Amen

  • Black Codes- Southern state laws which limited the rights of AAs; e.j. prohibited AAs from taking loans for land, prohibited AAs from suing whites, forced them into labor contracts on farms (sharecropping)

• Congressional Reconstruction- Republican Congress took charge over Johnson

  • Radical Republicans- Championed Recon for Civil Rights while moderates wanted Recon for econ benefits for whites; Radicals included Charles Sumner & Benjamin Wade; wanted equal rights for all americans

  • Civil Rights Act of 1866- Gave full citizenship to AAs; went against Dred Scott Decision; Reps feared it could be overturned by Dems if they won control again

    • 14th Amen- Gave all Americans citizenship regardless of race & required states to ensure legal protection of all races

  • Election of 1866 (Congressional Election)- Only applied to Congress; Republicans accused Dems & Southerners of being traitors; “waving the bloody shirt” -- Republican propaganda of CW tragedies to worsen South’s reputation -- got Rep 2/3rds majority in Congress; more Recon power

  • Recon Acts of 1867- Split south into 5 military zones, sent Northern troops to south, & made it so re-admitting states had to ratify 14th Amen & give the right to vote to all men regardless of race

• Impeachment of Johnson- Congress passed Tenure of Office Act to keep radical republicans in office; Johnson thought it was unconstitutional and fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton; Congress tried for impeachment; one vote off from removal

• Grant Reform

  • Election of 1868- Rep; Ulysses S. Grant vs Dem; Horatio Seymour; Grant won

  • 15th Amendment- Reps needed freedmen's vote; passed 15th Amen in 1869 to secure AAs vote and all other races

  • Civil Rights Act of 1875- Last CR Acts of Congress during Recon; gave equal access to public services & allowed for AAs to be on jury poorly enforced; Reps began to lose hope in Recon

• “Scalawags” & “Carpetbaggers”- Dem names for others; “Scalawags”; Republican Southerners, “Carpetbaggers”; Northern newcomers to South 

• Republican Legislature in South- Republicans dominated Southern ex-Confederate states

  • Successes- Universal male suffrage, women’s property rights, debt, relief, internal improvements; Welfare-ish Reform

  • Failures- Corruption, seen as wasteful & expensive 

• African Americans- Built AA communities; AA ministers in Negro Baptist & African American Episcopal churches; Black Colleges began to appear (Howard, Atlanta, Fisk, Morehouse, etc.)

  • Sharecropping-AAs would rent land from white plantation owners; forced to share usually ½ of crops; left AAs in “slavery” b/c of heavy debt cycles & contracts; “new form of servitude”

• North during Recon

  • Corruption- Republicans became more interested w/ pro-business & industrial policies than Recon or Civil Rights; worsened Grant’s image but he still got re-elected

    • Credit Mobilier- Railroad companies gave Congressmen stocks to be given permits to build 

    • Whiskey Ring- Gov conspired w/ whiskey companies to avoid taxes

• Panic of 1873- Caused by overspeculation; typical panic results (debt, unemployment, etc.); farmers & laborers demanded an influx in money; Grant sided w/ bankers & vetoed a bill allowing additional greenbacks to be released

• End of Reconstruction

  • Rise of Redeemers- Southern dems; states’ rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, white supremacy; brought back Southern politics

  • KKK- Nathaniel Bedford Forrest; terrorist group which harassed & intimidated AAs; Congress passed Force Acts in 1870 & ‘71; didn’t do much

  • Amnesty Act of 1872- Northern “apology”; gave ex-Confeds power back; Dems began to gain power again in South

• Election of 1876- Rep; Rutherford B Hayes vs Dem; Samuel Tilden; dispute came up & Southerners threatened to send election to House of Representatives which they controlled

  • Compromise of 1877- Hayes became president; Hayes would have to remove federal troops from South & allow a Southern transcontinental railroad; basically ended Recon

Summary: During and following the Civil War, Lincoln began to make plans to reconstruct and readmit the Southern states, proposing the Proclamation of Amnesty, allowing Southern states to be readmitted if they pardoned themselves, made an oath of allegiance, accepted the emancipation of slavery and 13th Amendment, and had 10% of their voters pledge a loyalty oath. Other solutions such as the Wade-Davis bill, demanding 50% of voters to be loyal and prohibiting ex-Confederate leaders from running for office, which Lincoln refused, established a prominent group; Radical Republicans wanting equal rights for all Americans, especially African Americans. During this period shortly after the war, Lincoln created the Freedmen’s Bureau, an essential, welfare agency which aided recently freed African Americans with education, shelter, food, and medical care. However, due to Lincoln’s assasination, Andrew Johnson, his VP, a Southern Democrat, and one who was very sympathetic to the South, became president, finally setting a readmission policy, requiring 10% of voters to pledge loyalty and disenfranchisement, prohibiting ex-Confederates from voting and holding office, which could be negated by an action Johnson used frequently, presidential pardons. However, despite the efforts of Radical Republicans to eliminate the restriction of African American rights in the South, Black Codes were set into place, prohibiting the rights of African Americans extensively in a series of state laws, in the same vein as the Jim Crow Laws of the 1900s. These efforts by Radical and Moderate Republicans, who now dominated Congress after the election of 1866 off of a campaign of anti-South propaganda, were seen in the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and 1875, paired with the 14th and 15th Amendment, respectively, and the Republican domination in Southern politics after the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, splitting the South into five military districts, sending Northern troops to enforce the new laws. After the impeachment of Johnson and his unpopularity among Republicans, Ulysses S. Grant was elected. In the South, the legislature was dominated by “Scalawags”, Republican Southerners, and “Carpetbaggers” Northern newcomers who came to the South for political or economic reasons. However, despite the aformentioned efforts, many African Americans were still bound to “slavery” , in the form of the sharecropping system, effectively binding African American tenants to labor through a large amount of their crop being given to the landlord and never-ending debt cycles. At the same time in the North, during Reconstruction and the Grant Administration, corruption in the government was rampant, best seen at the Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring incidents, and, paired with the Panic of 1873, Republicans were beginning to lose interest in Reconstruction, primarily due to difficulties in enforcement, how expensive it was, and the coming rise of redeemers, Southern Democrats who gained popular support and would go to replace Republicans in Southern state governments, and the KKK, who terrorized freedmen and were often not put down despite the Force Acts. After the disputed election of 1876 lead to the Compromise of 1877, allowing Republican Rutherford B Hayes to be president instead of Democrat Samuel Tilden if he removed Northern troops from the south, the era of Reconstruction came to an end.