Comprehensive Guidance Notes

Introduction to Guidance

  • Meaning and Importance
  • Guidance is a form of teaching established to meet human needs and desires.
  • It is organized systematically based on educational aims.
  • Definitions of guidance:
    • Kapunan (1974): A necessary form of teaching addressing human needs.
    • Chrisholm (as cited by Kapunan, 1974): Aiding self-awareness in interests and abilities.
    • Taxler (as cited by Kapunan, 1974): Helps individuals understand their abilities and interests.
    • Hamrin (as cited by Kapunan, 1974): Encompasses support to promote self-knowledge and problem-solving skills.

Guidance and Counseling


  • Distinction (Borders & Drury, 1992):


  • Guidance is a comprehensive program aimed at self-understanding and development.


  • Counseling is specific to personal or psychological problems, focusing on an in-depth approach to assist individuals.


  • Comparison of Guidance and Counseling:

    Basis for ComparisonGuidanceCounseling
    MeaningAdvice from experienced individualsProfessional advice for personal issues
    NaturePreventiveRemedial and curative
    ApproachComprehensive, extrovertedIn-depth, introverted
    Deals withEducational and career issuesPersonal and socio-psychological issues
    PrivacyOpenConfidential

History of Guidance Movement

  • Five Contributing Factors (Traxler as cited by Shertzer & Stone, 1981):
  1. Philanthropy and Humanitarianism (1800s-1900s)
  2. Religion
  3. Mental Hygiene
  4. Social Change
  5. Individual Attention to Pupils
  • Early Years (1900-1958): Focus on addressing societal problems.
  • Rapid Movement (1958-1968): Emphasis on finding identity amidst societal alienation.
  • Main Influences on Guidance Movement: Government participation, interest in progressive education, and clinical psychology.

Development of Organized Guidance in the U.S.

  • Frank Parsons: Father of vocational guidance.
  • Key Milestones:
  • 1908: Formation of vocational advisory committees.
  • 1912: Establishment of the National Vocational Guidance Association.
  • Post-WWII: Expansion in counseling training and test development due to military service needs.

Guidance in the Philippines

  • 1920s: Early initiatives at universities like Ateneo De Manila and public schools.
  • 1940s-1950s: Institutionalizing practices in schools; professionalization of counseling roles.
  • Legislation: Recognition of guidance profession via Republic Act 9258 in 2004, establishing guidance services and standards.

Latest Developments**

  • Republic Act 12080 (2024): Aims to enhance mental health services in education, requiring the hiring of school counselors and establishing care centers in schools.
  • Objectives include promoting mental health awareness and providing necessary facilities and personnel in education.

Definitions of Key Terms**

  • Registered Guidance Counselor: Holds a license and Master's degree in Guidance and Counseling.
  • School-Based Mental Health Services: Strengthening existing mental health programs in schools.

Care Centers and Mental Health Offices**

  • Establishing care centers in schools to address mental health needs, supervised by qualified counselors.