APUSH Cram Review Notes

Credit and Introduction

• This guide compiles information from Tim Chong, Paul Kang, Tim Joo, and outside resources.
• Credit to Barrons AP book.
• Credit to Paul Kang for the Detailed + Condensed Review Document put together by Tim Chong TC.
• The guide is meant to help cram/review for the AP US History exam.
• The guide is not everything needed to study, only important/cram material.

Schedule

• Work for 12 hours a day.
• Sleep at 7:30 PM and wake up at 3:30 AM.
• Use 30 minutes upon waking up to make coffee, a light breakfast, and shower.
• This allows for 8 hours of sleep and starts studying at 4 AM.
• Study for one hour, then take a 10-minute break.
• For example: study from 4 AM - 5 AM and take a break from 5 AM - 5:10 AM. Study from 5:10 AM - 6:10 AM. Break from 6:10 AM - 6:20 AM.
• This lets you finish studying at 3:30 PM to relax or finish other school work until sleep at 7:30 PM.

Eliminate Distractions

• Block social media and YouTube.
• Set up a clean and productive work environment.

Table of Contents

• Detailed review (Barrons) Pgs 3-171
• Condensed review (Barrons) Pgs 172-205
• Key concepts Pgs 206-239
• Practice tests Pg 240
• How to write: SAQ Pg 241
• How to write: LEQ (in-person only) Pg 242
• How to write: DBQ Pgs 243-244
• MUST KNOW CONCEPTS Pgs 245-248

Period 1: Native American Societies Before European Contact

Societies of the Southwest

• Depend on maize.
• Spread from Mexico to North America.
• Fostered economic development and social diversification among Native Americans.
• Pueblo people (Anasazi).
• Lived in small towns - pueblos starting from year 900.
• Four corners - Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico.
• 13th-14th century - volcano + drought - dispersed and led to conflict.
• Some joined with Zunis and Hopis in New Mexico, others joined communities in the Rio Grande.
• Great Migration.

Societies of the Great Basin and Great Plains

• Mobile lifestyles - lack of natural resources.
• Shoshone, Paiute, and Ute Peoples of the Great Basin.
• Great Basin - area between Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains.
• Desert, arid conditions, drought.
• “Desert culture” - made baskets as opposed to sedentary groups that made pottery.
• American Indians of the Great Plains.
• Great Plains - Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
• Plains Indians are stereotype Native Americans.
• Most hunted on foot and maintained a mobile lifestyle.
• Some who were closer to the Mississippi developed more sedentary, agrarian lifestyles.

Societies of the East

• Atlantic = mix of agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies.
• Fostered the development of permanent settlements.
• Algonquian Peoples.
• Atlantic coast - hunted, fished, grew corn.
• Those in the upper Great Lakes/New England - cold = no agriculture, relied on hunting and fishing.
• Iroquois Great League of Peace.
• A group of Iroquoian-speaking people formed the Iroquois League.
• Formed in order to end fighting among is groups.
• They lived in permanent villages.
• Relied on farming, gathering, hunting, and fishing - mostly farming however.
• Three sisters - corn, beans, squash.
• Traditionally matrilineal society - inheritance and descent pass through the mother’s line.

Societies of the Pacific Northwest

• In areas of present day California - foraging + hunting + resources of the Pacific Ocean and rivers.
• Chinook People of the Pacific Northwest.
• The Chinook people lived in Washington and Oregon.
• High degree of economic development and social stratification.
• A higher caste of people - shamans, warriors, wealthy merchants - lived separate from the commoners.
• Many Chinook people lived in longhouses - 50 ppl.

European Exploration in the Americas

• Factors contributing to European Exploration.
• Explain why the age of exploration took place when it did.
• The Crusades and the Revival of Trade.
• Trade routes and international economic activity shifted power.
• Became interested in finding new trade routes with the east.
• Black Death and the Decline of Feudalism.
• Black Death played a role in the decline of feudalism.
• Opened up opportunities for survivors - work was in high demand and food and land were more plentiful.
• Renaissance.
• Spirit of exploration.
• Scholarly spirit to map new areas.
• Gutenberg’s printing press.
• Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
• Puritans flee to North America.
• Jesuits devote themselves to spreading their gospel throughout the world.

Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest

• The Impact of Exploration and Conquest on Europe.
• New sources of wealth helped the transition from feudalism to capitalism.
• New crops + livestock = population growth in Europe.
• The Impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe.
• Revolutionized agriculture.
• Supplemented the meager diets of the peasants.
• Introduction of tobacco.
• Economic Impact of Conquest.
• Conquest did not necessarily bring improvements to Spain.
• The influx of gold and silver caused inflation.
• Taxes went up fivefold to pay for military expenditure.
• Spain went into debt and borrowed money from European banks, eventually ending in a depression on the Spanish economy.

Technological Advances and New Economic Structures

• Technological Advances and a Revolution in Navigation.
• Compass.
• Astrolabe.
• Quadrant.
• Hourglass.
• Portolani - detailed maps.
• Joint-stock company.
• Important engine for exploration and colonization.
• Investors propelled expeditions to the New World.
• Risks were spread out across multiple shareholders.

Spanish and Portuguese Models

• First expeditions were by the Spanish and Portuguese.
• Portugal and Spain Lead the Way.
• Prince Henry the Navigator searched for new trade routes to Asia that avoided the Mediterranean.
• Eventually sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and reached India.
• Spain sent Columbus and reached the Carribean.
• Spanish and Portuguese Ambitions.
• Treaty of Tordesillas.
• Spaniards later established the first permanent European settlement at St. Augustine, Florida.
• Conquistadores and the Defeat of Native Peoples.
• Defeat of the Aztecs by Cortes and defeat of the Incas by Pizarro.
• Disease and Death.
• No immunities to European diseases.
• 90% of them died.

Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System

• Spanish Exploitation of New World Resources.
• Spain created the encomienda system to extract gold and silver and ship it to Spain.
• Spain soon became the wealthiest country in Europe with the influx of precious metals.
• Silver and the Encomienda System.
• Spanish settlers were granted tracts of land and the right to extract labor from natives.
• Old World Feudalism.
• Bartholomew de Las Casas.

Spain and the African Slave Trade

• Impact of the Slave Trade.
• Slavery existed in Europe even before the discovery of the New World.
• Destabilized African communities by taking out strong, young people.
• Introduction of European goods undermined the African economy.
• Resistance to Slavery and the Development of Maroon Communities.
• Africans developed cultural resistance that attempted to preserve traditional cultural patterns and maintain autonomy.
• Maroons were Africans who escaped slavery in the New World and established independent communities - many in Carribean and Brazil.
• Preserve African traditions using medicinal herbs, special drumming and dancing as part of healing rituals.
• Most significant Maroon communities - Palmares - 30,000 residents independent until conquered by Portuguese in 1694.

Social Structure of Spanish America

• Spanish Caste system.
• The Casta System.
• Spaniards were always outnumbered by natives.
• Spanish men outnumbered spanish women → intermarriage.
• Caste:
• Peninsulares - born in Spain
• Creoles - born in the New World of Spanish Parents
• Mestizos - children of Spanish men and Indian women - 4-5% of Spain’s New World Empire
• Mulattos - children of Spanish men and African women
• Native Americans
• Africans

Cultural Interactions between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans

• Interactions, Trade, and Cultural Adaptations in the New World.
• Each side adopted some useful aspects of the other’s culture.
• Cultural Misunderstandings.
• Conflict between Indians and Europeans as both groups tried to make sense of each other.
• Matrilineal vs. Patrilineal.
• Indians did not understand individual ownership of land - it was seen as a community resource.
• Religious Adaptation in the New World.
• Some Native Americans adopted Christianity.
• Some adopted Catholicism completely while others incorporated some aspects into traditional practices.

Resistance by American Indians and Africans

• Native American Resistance in Spain’s New World Colonies.
• Some fled from Spaniards.
• Some Guale Indians led a revolt against the mission at St. Augustine - Juanillo’s Revolt - resulting in the death of several missionaries.
• Juan de Onate and the Acoma Pueblo People.
• New Mexico.
• Juan de Onate and his soldiers occupied held by the Acoma Pueblo people.
• The Acoma attacked the Spanish occupiers, killing 15.
• Onate responded by firing cannons and killing over 800 natives.
• The remaining 500 were enslaved.

Debates around Perceptions of American Indians

• Development of the Belief of White Superiority.
• As mixing of races occurred → pure blood.
• European control of Natives and Africans → white supremacy.
• Justified the Spanish belief that they were at the top of the hierarchy.
• Debates over Spain’s Actions in the New World.
• Encomienda System → Bartholomew de Las Casas.
• Juan Gines de Sepulveda - asserted that Indians were beings of an inferior order.
• Natural slaves according to natural law.

The Nature of Spanish Conquest and Colonization

• “Black Legend” was a term coined in 1914 to describe the anti-Spanish propaganda written by the English, Italian, Dutch, and other European writers.
• English writers may have been trying to demonize the Spanish to portray English behavior in the New World in a more favorable light.
• Look at the source of the documents in question.

Period 2: European Colonization

Spain’s New World Colonies

• Maintained tight control over its colonial empire in the new world.
• Evolution of Spanish America.
• Encomienda System.
• Replaced by the repartimiento system - mandated that natives be paid wages.
• Many times, the work of natives was supplemented by black slave labor.
• Still highly exploitative.
• North part was the Viceroyalty of New Spain, south was Viceroyalty of Peru.

French and Dutch Colonies

• Few French or Dutch people actually settled.
• Their colonies served as trading outposts.
• Intermarried with natives, promoting trade, acquiring furs and other valuable goods for export.
• France’s New World Empire.
• New France stretched from Quebec, encompassed Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley, and the Great Basin.
• Port Royal.
• Quebec.
• French-American Indian Diplomacy.
• Had few colonists - had to rely on diplomacy.
• Accommodation and adaptation to American Indian Ways.
• The Metis of the French Colonies.
• Intermarriage = children who were known as Metis - mixed blood.
• Metis communities combined Catholic and indigenous religious practices.
• The Dutch Presence in the Americas.
• Forts and small settlements in Guyana.
• Island settlements in the Carribean.
• Focused on sugar production.
• Dutch New Amsterdam.
• Dutch East India Company.
• Northwest passage to Asia.
• Delaware to Cape Cod.
• Economy of New Amsterdam.
• Few Dutch settlers initially came.
• The company provided land incentives.
• New Amsterdam was attacked by King Charles II of England, and was surrendered to the British - who renamed it New York.

English Colonial Patterns

• Not few colonists - English migrated in substantial numbers.
• Population Pressures and English Colonization.
• Enclosure Acts in England created a food crisis and a population surplus.
• The English Merchant Class and the Expansion of Trade.
• Merchants were growing wealthy, formed joint-stock companies.
• Mercantilism - formed companies such as the East India Company.
• New World Colonization - diminish population and provide new markets.
• Colonization of Ireland.

The Regions of British Colonies

• The Chesapeake and the Upper South.
• Came to rely on labor-intensive tobacco, using white indentured servants and slaves.
• Founding of Jamestown and the “Starving Time”.
• Chartered by King James I and funded by the Virginia Company.
• Mostly hoped to find gold and silver.
• Were not prepared to establish permanent colonies.
• 3 years later, only 60 of the original 500 survived.
• Jamestown and its American Indian Neighbors.
• Relations deteriorated rapidly.
• Powhatan and the local Alogonquians traded corn.
• When they could not supply enough, the English raided them.
• Whites consistently encroached on American Indian lands and defeated them.

A Tobacco Economy

• John Rolfe experimented with growing tobacco.
• Most important crop of the Chesapeake region.
• ¾ of exports from the region.
• Shaped the development of Virginia + Carolina.
• Required large tracts of land → quickly exhausted the nutrients in the soil.
• Led them to seek territory that belonged to the natives.
• Pattern of large crop production continued with cotton in the 1800s.
• Required a large number of laborers → indentured servants → slaves.
• Labor and Tobacco.
• Head-right system → new immigrants were offered a 50 acre incentive.
• Indentured servitude.
• Potential immigrant would agree to work for a certain amount of years in exchange for free passage.

Maryland

• Similar to Virginia in that in exported tobacco and used indentured servants and slaves.
• First proprietary colony - instead of joint-stock.
• Owner was George Calvert, Lord Baltimore.
• Wanted to created refuge for Catholics.
• Son took over when he died - Cecelius Calvert.
• Protestants actually outnumbered Catholics, but Catholicism was tolerated.

North Carolina

• Carolina was founded by wealthy plantation owners from Barbados.
• They created an economy in the South of Carolina that resembled Barbados’ sugar economy.
• The English made the North resemble Chesapeake colonies’ economy.
• Tensions between the two groups led to a split.

The New England Colonies

• Driven by religious reasons.
• Origins of Puritanism.
• Protestant Reformation.
• Those who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic practices.
• Puritan Beliefs and Practices.
• Took inspiration from Calvinism.
• Predestination, Protestant work ethic, community.
• Plymouth and the Mayflower Compact.
• A group of separatists, known as the “Pilgrims”.
• Founded Plymouth, but failed to attract large numbers of mainline Puritans from England.

Massachusetts Bay Colony - “A City Set Upon a Hill”

• King Charles I sought to suppress the religious practices of Puritans.
• Granted a charter to Massachusetts Bay Company.
• Led by John Winthrop.
• Was a much more successful haven for Puritans than Plymouth.
• The “Great Migration” and the Growth of New England.
• Had a difficult first year.
• By 1640, however, a “great migration” of 20,000 settlers came to Massachusetts.
• They were farmers, carpenters, etc. not aristocrats.
• Attracted families.
• Eager to build permanent, cohesive communities.

New Hampshire

• Originally settled by the English fishing villages.
• Massachusetts soon claimed the region and an agreement in 1641 gave it jurisdiction over New Hampshire.
• A royal decree separated the two colonies in 1679.

Roger Williams and the Founding of Rhode Island

• Roger Williams was a devout Puritan minister.
• Concerned about the mistreatment of the natives.
• Worried that civil government would distract ministers from godly matters.
• Founded Rhode Island.
• Separation of church and state.

The Banishment of Anne Hutchinson

• Argued that ministers were not needed to interpret and convey teachings of the Bible.
• God could communicate directly to true believers.
• Accused Puritan leaders of resorting to the idea that salvation was determined solely by God’s divine plan, not by the actions of individuals.
• In 1638, Winthrop and other leaders banished her.
• She and her supporters established a settlement in Rhode Island.

The Founding of Connecticut

• Winthrop insisted that new members be able to demonstrate to the church that they had a conversion experience.
• Thomas Hooker argued that they only had to live a godly life.
• Founded Hartford in the Connecticut River Valley.
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut adopted in 1639.
• Splintering of Puritanism.
• Second and third generation Puritans did not have the same zeal.
• Decline in church membership.

Halfway Covenant (1662)Concerns about the decline of Puritan zeal led to the establishment of the Halfway Covenant.Allowed for partial church membership for children of church members.Did not have to demonstrate a conversion experience - extremely difficult - could be baptized and become partial, non-voting members of the church.Salem Witch Trials (1692)People were ready to turn on each other.Fractured community.The Middle ColoniesMost diverse colonies - religion, ethnicity, and social class.Thriving export economy based on cultivation of cereal crops.PennsylvaniaKing Charles II granted tract of land to William PennQuakerism and the “Holy Experiment”Saw each other as equals in the eyes of God, called each other “friend”Practiced religious toleration and frowned upong slaveryNew Jersey and DelawareInitially settled by the DutchDuke of York gave land to friends, George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, who established New JerseyDelaware’s initial Dutch settlers were killed by NativesTaken over by New Amsterdam → New York → gifted to Penn → eventually became Delaware in 1704New YorkCommercial portSlave population greater than North Carolina (but less than other southern states)Negro Plot of 1741Tensions between whites and slavesIt was believed that there was a slave conspiracy → slaves executedThe Lower South and Colonies of the West IndiesLonger growing seasons, exporting staple crops, depend on slave laborBlack slaves were population majoritySugar and slavery in the West IndiesBarbados was most profitable British colonyBased on agriculture and slaveryBarbados sugar plantation owner 4x wealthier than Virginia plantation ownerAlso owned more slavesCarolinaCould not find a crop as profitable as sugar - grew rice insteadSplit from North Carolina, South continued to operate like Barbados - thousands of slaves controlled by a few elite plantersGeorgiaJames OglethorpeColony for debtorsMandatory military serviceBuffer state between the colonies and Spanish FloridaThe Development of Self-Government in Britain’s New World ColoniesAttempts at early democracyThe Evolution of Governance in Colonial North AmericaBritain did no create an extensive governing structureRuled by royal governors, but were easily leveraged because they depended on tax revenue to run the colonyInstilled many colonists the sense of ability to self-governTown Meetings in New EnglandDecision making assemblies open to all free male residentsSelected a group of representatives - selectmen - who carried out governing functions until the next meetingThe House of Burgesses in VirginiaCreated by the Virginia CompanyFree men could vote for representatives - later restricted to wealthy menOver time become less powerful and more exclusiveKing transferred governance from Virginia Company to the Crown in 1624, but allowed the House to remainTransatlantic TradeThe Atlantic Economy and Evolution of Colonial EconomiesTriangular tradeBrought manufactured items from England to Africa and AmericasSlaves were soldNew World colonies produced raw materialsThe African Slave TradeDestabilized the regions in Africa where it occurredMostly young and maleMiddle Passage - horrid journey from Africa to the AmericasTobacco, Indigo, Rice, Sugar, and Slavery in the South and the West IndiesVirginians exported tobaccoColonies of the Lower South specialized in indigo and riceSouthern colonies supplied 90% of the exports from British North AmericaMost profitable were the sugar plantations in the West IndiesFur Trade in the North American InteriorDrew Europeans to the Ohio River Valley/Great LakesDestabilized Indian communities by pushing native peoples to extend their traditional territory to get more fursConflict between neighboring Indian groups, allied with and armed by competing EuropeansWheat, Indentured Servants, and Redemptioners in the Middle ColoniesMiddle colonies - Pennsylvania and New Woyk - developed cultivation of wheat/cereal cropsRelied on indentured servants and redemptioners - promised to pay for passage by borrowing money from a friend or servitude - most got stuck with a terrible contract without ability to negotiateFish and Lumber in New EnglandSalted fish, livestock, timber were big exports from New EnglandMolasses → rumMany left New England and new immigrants would rather settle in the middle coloniesTrade, Disease, and Demographic Changes for American IndiansContact, Disease, Warfare, and the Collapse of the HuronMany of the Huron people died after contact with the french due to measles and smallpoxMore died in the Beaver Wars - killed by the Iroquois who were supplied weapons by the DutchThe CatawbaContact, Trade and Cultural AdaptationCatawba tried to survive by making themselves usefulSold goods such as pottery, baskets, and moccasinsEventually exposed to alcohol, which increased instabilityBritish Imperial PoliciesAttempted to exert greater control over the colonies, but failed due to colonial resistance“Salutary neglect” allowed colonies to develop without much oversightMercantilismNations increase power by increasing wealthExports exceed importsNeed a steady and inexpensive source for raw materials - coloniesNavigation Acts and MercantilismNavigation ActsEnumerated good - from colonies could only be shipped to BritainProfitable staple crops could only be shipped to BritainThey were sold within England and at a profit to other countriesWool act, Hat Act, Iron Act restricted colonial manufacturingGuaranteed manufacturers steady low price raw materials and protected them from colonial competitionGreater Imperial ControlAll charter and proprietary colonies became royal coloniesDominion of New EnglandCharles II resented New England because Puritans executed his father during the English Civil WarRevoked charters of all colonies north of Delaware RiverFormed one massive colony called the Dominion of New EnglandMet with resistanceGlorious Revolution and the Restoration of Colonial ChartersWhen William of Orange took over the throne, New Englanders arrested Sir Edmund Andros and got rid of the DominionLax Enforcement of Mercantilist PoliciesRobert Walpole - “salutary neglect”Urged the Crown to not excessively interfere with the profitable tradeColonists routinely smuggled banned good into and out of the coloniesInteractions between American Indians and EuropeansImperial Conflicts and North American Political InstabilityRivalries between European countries drew natives into their conflictsIntroduction of firearms to the nativesBeaver Wars (1640-1701)French aligned themselves with Algonquian-speaking tribes along the St. Lawrence RiverDutch established a post at Albany and allied with the IroquoisIroquois wanted to expand their trading network, but the Huron (Algonqui) stood in their wayExploded into open warfareDutch rule superseded by British who took control of New Netherland, allied themselves with the Iroquois - who were able to expand, but Huron sufferedFrench and Indian Wars and Control of North America (1688-1763)Four conflicts for control of North America, the fourth was the most decisive - called the French and Indian WarSimilar:Grew out of conflicts in Europe between Great Britain and FranceWars involved and intensified rivalries between tribesAs long as there was no victor, tribes got to maintain control of most of their landIncreased bonds between colonists and British governmentWith the threat of enemies, colonists felt the need of British militaryWould not remain after the defeat of the French in 1763King William’s War (1688-1697)Nine Years’ WarIroquois allied with British colonistsFrench and Indian tribes (Wabanaki Confederation) challenged Iroquois domination of the fur trade as well as British expansion northAfter the Grand Settlement of 1701, Iroquois were primarily neutralQueen Anne’s War (1702-1713)Border of Canada - Wabanaki Confederacy joined French in trying to stop the northern advance of British colonistsRaid on Deerfield, Massachusetts - destroying town, killing colonists, and taking captivesSouth:Chickasaw + British, Choctaw + French fought over the claims to fur trade in the Mississippi RiverFrench + Spanish + Apalachee, Britain fought over the Southern border of Florida and CarolinaThe war did not settle boundary issues - Weakened Spanish presence in Florida, devastated American Indians in Spanish FloridaFighting between the Chickasaw and the Choctaw did not cease until the defeat of the French in the French and Indian War in 1763 - Both groups stood their groundKing George’s War (1744-1748)Fought in New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Nova ScotiaSuccessful siege on French Fortress of Louisbourg in Nova ScotiaFrench and Indian forces destroyed Saratoga, New YorkIn peace treaty - returned the fort for the return of Madras in IndiaBritish Colonial Expansion and Conflicts with American IndiansThese were conflicts carried out by colonists themselvesThe Pequot War (1634-1638)Massachusetts Bay + Plymouth + Narragansett + Mohegan to defeat PequotsNeeded land for Puritans to settleKing Philip’s War (1675-1678)Wampanoags alliance with Pilgrims in 16211670 - English encroaching on their land + execution of three wampanoags who killed a christianized wampanoagMetacomet - chief of the Wampanoag - known as King Philip, launched an attack on Massachusetts townsNew Englanders + Mohawks → 40% of Wampanoags deadPraying Indians in Puritan New EnglandMost native people in New England could not maintain traditional culturePraying towns made for natives to abandon their culture and adopt European clothing and Christianity and settle on farmsRacial Hierarchy and American IndiansIn the beginning, maintaining relations was importantLater, desire grew to acquire their landBelieved the natives were savage and gave them justification to exploit themSpain and American Indians in North AmericaSpanish colonial efforts more readily made accommodations to American Indian culturePueblo RevoltPueblo Indians in New Mexico were resentful of Spanish ruleEncomienda system undermined their traditional economyPueblo religion was bannedPueblo Revolt, Pope’s Rebellion, attacks on Spanish Franciscan priests and Spaniards300+ spanish killedSpanish agreed to allow them to continue their culture, each family granted landSlavery in the British ColoniesThe Development of British SlaverySlavery was more efficient and provided more workers at a lower cost than indentured servitudeBacon’s Rebellion and the Development of Slavery in VirginiaFormer indentured servants grew resentful of taxes they were required to pay and their lack of representation in the House of BurgessesViolence intensified between them and the nativesBacon’s Rebellion - Nathaniel Bacon - wanted to attack the natives - Governor Berkeley refused because they engaged in profitable trade with the IndiansBacon burned homes of elite planters and the capital building in JamestownVirginians turned to slaves instead of unreliable indentured servantsIdeas About Race and the Development of Slavery in British North AmericaOrigins of Racial HierarchyBritain did not tolerate intermarriageDivided humanity into civilized and barbaric, Christian and heathenNature of Slavery in British North AmericaAn indentured black servant John Casor was declared by a court to be a slave for lifePartus Sequitur Ventrum - a child of a slave mother would also be a slaveSanctioned the rape of slave women by their white ownersBlack and slave were almost synonymous termsResistance to SlaveryStono RebellionMain fear of slave owners was violent rebellionMost famous one was Stono, South Carolina (1739)Initiated by 20 slaves → death of 20 slave ownersLesser forms of resistance:Working slowlyBreaking toolsRetaining cultural connections to AfricaColonial Society and CultureReligious Pluralism in Colonial AmericaThe “Great Awakening”In the face of declining church membership and religious zeal, with the rise of Enlightenment philosophy and deism, Protestant leaders took actionGreat Awakening started in Britain - Most well known preacher was George Whitefield - held revival meetingsThey took more emotional, less cerebral, approach to religionJonathon Edwards - “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Core message: anyone could be saved and people could make choices in their life that would affect their afterlifeAgainst original sin and predestinationImmigration and Dissenting DenominationsMost churches in the 1600s were Anglican or Congregational - Recognized by colonial administrations (not Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania - separated government from religion)Baptist + Methodist grew out of Great AwakeningImmigration from Germany settled in Pennsylvania, New York, and the SouthLutheran, Calvinist, Mennonites, Moravians, DunkersNew York - Sephardic JewsDeism and the EnlightenmentDeism: God created the world and left it alone - Natural Laws - clockworkAnglicization of British North AmericaEmulating the BritishColonists attempted to model their lives based on British cultureSent children to Britain for schoolingPurchased British goodsBritish culture connection = statusConsumerismTrans-Atlantic Print CultureHigh degree of literacy = demand for printed materialsNewspapers reprinted items from British press, covered European and local affairsBen Franklin - Pennsylvania Gazette (not founder)Anglicanism and Enlightenment Thinking - from Great Britain to North AmericaAnglican ChurchConservative and ritualistic High Church - Reform-minded, liberal Low Church (Enlightenment)Latitudinarians - Gained a foothold in the colonies - Harvard University moved in this directionReligious TolerationLocke, Voltaire1649 Maryland Act of Religious TolerationDid not apply to Jews, Muslims, or Christian sects that did not believe in the trinityDiverging Interests - British Policies and Colonial DissatisfactionTensions over Imperial ControlThe Dominion of New England ended with the Glorious RevolutionColonists responded to tighter control by rejecting governors’ requests for fundingThe Background to Colonial Resistance to Imperial ControlEnlightenment Thinking and Resistance to British RuleJohn Locke - role of government was to protect natural rights - life, liberty, propertyInfluence of the Country Party and “Cato’s Letters”Country Party - critical of the British government for corruption, wastefulness, and tyrannyCourt Party - opposite, members operated within the inner sanctum of power in LondonCountry Party - aka Commonwealth men - accused political figures of upsetting the constitutions and endangering individual libertiesPopular among North American colonistsCountry Party essayist - “Cato” - frequently reprinted in the colonies - condemned corruption in the British political systemAmerican Legal Procedures and Freedom of the PressLack of British-trained lawyersLess imprisonment and more whipping, branding, and public shaming - Criticisms of public officials not illegal if truthfulSubject to DebateRegional Differences in British North AmericaWhether differences between regions are more important than the commonalities (between colonies)Slavery and the Development of RacismDid slavery develop because of preconceived notions of racial hierarchies?Or did these notions develop over time to justify the enslavement?How Oppressed were the British Colonies?Colonists were oppressed? Or they were ignoring the mercantilist laws?Period 3The Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War)Expansion and WarExpansion and overlapping land claims led to a war between Britain and FranceBritain won and eliminated France from North AmericaThis war was a turning point in relations between Britain and the colonies because the government attempted to assert greater control over the coloniesOrigins of the WarLand disputes in the Ohio River Valley led to forts being build and skirmishes, which led to the French and Indian WarBritish VictoryThree distinct phasesLocal affair - continuation of skirmishes between British and French colonistsFull takeover of the war by Britain, seizing supplies and forcing colonists to join the war - the colonists resistedBritish government tried to work with the colonies and reinforced the troops with British soldiers → French surrendered in 1761Treaty of Paris (1763)France surrendered its North American empire - Canada and east of Mississippi to Britain and West of Mississippi River to SpainDebt and Taxation Following the French and Indian WarBritish wanted the colonists to pay the war debt through increased taxation as they were the major beneficiaries of the British victoryThe Sugar Act - Mainly sought to crack down on smuggling and enforcing taxesThe Stamp Act - Faced the most intense colonial opposition - other acts were seen as trade regulations, however, this was a direct tax designed purely to raise revenueQuartering of British Troops - Colonists were expected to house British soldiers if there were no spaces in barracks and cover the costs of feeding themAmerican Indian Resistance and Colonial Settlement Following the French and Indian WarIndians wanted to maintain lucrative fur trade, but at the same time they wanted to resist encroachment by British colonistsClashing Cultures in the Great Lakes RegionThe French developed harmonious relationships with the Indians, however, the British did not believe in gift-giving and diplomacyPontiac’s Rebellion - Britain occupied Ottawa land, and the chief Pontiac organized resistance to British troopsThey attacked Fort Detroit and struck 6 other fortsThe attacks were initially successful with 400 British soldiers and 2000 colonists killed or captured, however, when Thomas Gage took over as general, the rebellion was brokenThe Proclamation Act (1763) - Great Britain ordered colonists not to settle beyond the Appalachian Mountains, however, many colonists had already migrated west and felt that they deserved the land because of the sacrifices they made during the French and Indian WarThe British government did not want to provoke any more bloodshed and wanted to profit off of the fur tradeConflict in the Interior of the Continent Following the French and Indian WarAfter the American Revolution, colonists continued to move westward which caused Indians to be displaced and was challenged by the presence of Spain and Britain just outside the US’s bordersThe Scots-IrishThe middle colonies received many immigrants, particularly the Scots-Irish who were Presbytterians from Scotland, due to difficult economic conditionsEconomic Opportunity in PennsylvaniaPA attracted immigrants because of the land and need for workers, other states were not so hospitable - south was dominated by slavery and the north by PuritanismThe Paxton BoysA vigilante group of Scots-Irish organized raids against American Indians, and presented their grievances to the PA legislature - bitterness to Indians and the Quaker elite for being lenient towards IndiansTaxation Without RepresentationColonial Resistance to British Policies in the Aftermath of the French and Indian WarColonists began to unite and organize around threats posed by changing British policies → resistance and independence movementThe Stamp Act Congress - Delegates from nine colonies in 1765 wrote a list of grievances - No taxation without representationBritish Parliament responded to this idea with “virtual representation”, that even though they did not vote for representatives, members of Parliament represented the entire British empireCommittees of Correspondence - These committees spread information and coordinated resistance actionsBasically became shadow governments that assumed powers and challenged the legitimacy of legislative assemblies and royal governorsCrowd Actions - The Sons of Liberty groups harassed Stamp Act agents, and stores were ransacked if they did not boycott British goodsThe Stamp Act was rescinded in 1766The Townshend Acts (1767) - New taxes on paint, paper, lead, tea, and other goods were external taxes on imports, not on the items themselvesBy 1768, colonial leaders called for boycotts - homespun clothing was produced and Americans sought locally produced goodsThe Boston Massacre - Britain deployed royal troops to Boston because of the rioting - but their presence angered Bostonians; they disagreed with military in times of peaceColonists heckled British sentries and eventually the British fired, killing 5 citizens and leading to the Boston MassacreGaspee Affair - Colonial protestors boarded the