TROPICAL CLIMATES

SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES IN THE TEMP. AND RAINFALL PATTERNS IN THE TROPICS

→ Characteristic of tropic: High temp.

→ Humid tropics : tropical rainforest(Af), tropical monsoon(Am), tropical savanna (Aw)

→ Arid tropics : sub-tropical steppe(BSh), tropical desert (BWh)

→ Pressure and factors used to determine phenomenon features

Q: 1. Variations in rainfall amount (arid vs. humid) / 2. Seasonal variations in rainfall pattern


GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AFFECTING RAINFALL IN TROPICS

→ Scale : global


DEFINITION OF CLIMATE

→ Long term

→ average

→ temperature and precipitation (rainfall) [ANNUAL]

→ Temporal: one year x (30 year record)

→Given location over a period of time


DEFINITION OF WEATHER

→Short term

→ Within a few days

→ state of atmosphere at given time with reference to 6 factors

> temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation and cloudiness


TROPICS AND TROPICAL CLIMATES

→ located in between the tropic of cancer and Capricorn (23.5N and 23.5S respectively)

→ 5 climate types : Rainforest , monsoon , Savanna, semi-arid[steppe] , tropical arid[desert]

*DESCENDING= wet to dry // wet= A..// dry=B.. (3 subtypes for A and 2 subtypes for B)


[climate types with higher rainfall like af and am are closer to the equator

increasing dist fro equator the total annual rainfall decreases

at around 25-30 degrees north and south, the hot tropical deserts bwh like sahaea and the great autralian deserts are located there

some of the bwh climate types are located on the west coast continents of africa north and south america]


1.

  • Total annual rainfall?

  • seasonality of rainfall?

    • wet - when? - amount?

    • dry - when? -amount?

    • on average how much do they get on these months (between wet and dry)

      2.

  • Average temp.?

  • annual temp range? (highest - lowest)

  • HIGH OR LOW? - describe with which month and state the temp.



CHAP 1:

→ sustainable development

→ needs= dimensions (SEE)

  • Present and Future generations

→varying priorities leads to trade offs









DC → developed countries

LDC → less developed countries

NIE → developing countries = NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED ECONOMIES

(past NIE’s: taiwan,hk,singapore,sk)

(future NIE’s : brazil, Russia, india, china , south africa)

SEE → Social, Environmental, Economical [INTERDEPENDENT]

INTERDEPENDENCE :


ECONOMICAL NEEDS

→ INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT

  • enables poor households to meet minimum consumption standards


  • CHALLENGES : Mechanisation/Automation (AI) , labour ss vs labour dd

→ E.g. AI & MECHANISATION : Major Asia Banks cut off 4000 employees

SOCIAL NEEDS

→ FOOD DISTRIBUTION

  • about 795 million people in the world suffer from chronic

    undernourishment between 2014 and 2016

  • Of this group, 780 million (98%) live in developing countries

  • CHALLENGES : Insufficient food and poor distribution

    → BASIC LIVING NEEDS

  • housing , water supply , sanitation , basic education and healthcare


social-economic need:

CHALLENGES → reliance on pollutive sources of energy

ldc: fuel wood(loss of forest), crude oil

Bwh the most sunlight for solar energy


LIMITATIONS

→ level of technology available

→ societal conditions

→ environmental conditions including biophysical processes

→ Unsustainability : individuals or communities are unable or unwilling to implement sust. practices due to limitations


→ DEVELOPING COUNTRIES : lack resources and expertise


→ POLITICAL INSTABILITY :

→ LONG-TERM DATA

→INADEQUATE INDICATORS & STANDARDISATION ISSUES



sustainable development

  • maximise goals across all 3 dimensions: the possibility of mutual support

→ GOALS (https://sdgs.un.org/goals)

  • Economic growth

  • Social Inclusion

  • Environmental protection


TRADE OFFS:

→ econ dev. vs environ conservation

→ environ policies vs. social equity

























SUMMITS

→ CHALLENGES:

  • ECONOMIC

  • POLITICAL